Merge pull request #2269 from return42/locale-revision

Revision of the locale- and language- handling in SearXNG

.github/workflows/data-update.yml

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ jobs:
           - update_currencies.py
           - update_external_bangs.py
           - update_firefox_version.py
-          - update_languages.py
+          - update_engine_traits.py
           - update_wikidata_units.py
           - update_engine_descriptions.py
     steps:

docs/admin/engines/configured_engines.rst

@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ Explanation of the :ref:`general engine configuration` shown in the table
         - Timeout
         - Weight
         - Paging
-        - Language
+        - Language, Region
         - Safe search
         - Time range
 

docs/admin/engines/settings.rst

@@ -569,10 +569,13 @@ engine is shown.  Most of the options have a default value or even are optional.
   To disable by default the engine, but not deleting it.  It will allow the user
   to manually activate it in the settings.
 
+``inactive``: optional
+  Remove the engine from the settings (*disabled & removed*).
+
 ``language`` : optional
   If you want to use another language for a specific engine, you can define it
-  by using the full ISO code of language and country, like ``fr_FR``, ``en_US``,
+  by using the ISO code of language (and region), like ``fr``, ``en-US``,
-  ``de_DE``.
+  ``de-DE``.
 
 ``tokens`` : optional
   A list of secret tokens to make this engine *private*, more details see

docs/conf.py

@@ -127,6 +127,10 @@ extensions = [
     'notfound.extension',  # https://github.com/readthedocs/sphinx-notfound-page
 ]
 
+autodoc_default_options = {
+    'member-order': 'groupwise',
+}
+
 myst_enable_extensions = [
   "replacements", "smartquotes"
 ]
@@ -135,6 +139,7 @@ suppress_warnings = ['myst.domains']
 
 intersphinx_mapping = {
     "python": ("https://docs.python.org/3/", None),
+    "babel" : ("https://babel.readthedocs.io/en/latest/", None),
     "flask": ("https://flask.palletsprojects.com/", None),
     "flask_babel": ("https://python-babel.github.io/flask-babel/", None),
     # "werkzeug": ("https://werkzeug.palletsprojects.com/", None),

docs/dev/engine_overview.rst

@@ -54,6 +54,7 @@ Engine File
                                        - ``offline`` :ref:`[ref] <offline engines>`
                                        - ``online_dictionary``
                                        - ``online_currency``
+                                       - ``online_url_search``
    ======================= =========== ========================================================
 
 .. _engine settings:
@@ -131,8 +132,10 @@ Passed Arguments (request)
 These arguments can be used to construct the search query.  Furthermore,
 parameters with default value can be redefined for special purposes.
 
+.. _engine request online:
 
-.. table:: If the ``engine_type`` is ``online``
+.. table:: If the ``engine_type`` is :py:obj:`online
+           <searx.search.processors.online.OnlineProcessor.get_params>`
    :width: 100%
 
    ====================== ============== ========================================================================
@@ -149,12 +152,16 @@ parameters with default value can be redefined for special purposes.
    safesearch             int            ``0``, between ``0`` and ``2`` (normal, moderate, strict)
    time_range             Optional[str]  ``None``, can be ``day``, ``week``, ``month``, ``year``
    pageno                 int            current pagenumber
-   language               str            specific language code like ``'en_US'``, or ``'all'`` if unspecified
+   searxng_locale         str            SearXNG's locale selected by user.  Specific language code like
+                                         ``'en'``, ``'en-US'``, or ``'all'`` if unspecified.
    ====================== ============== ========================================================================
 
 
-.. table:: If the ``engine_type`` is ``online_dictionary``, in addition to the
+.. _engine request online_dictionary:
-           ``online`` arguments:
+
+.. table:: If the ``engine_type`` is :py:obj:`online_dictionary
+           <searx.search.processors.online_dictionary.OnlineDictionaryProcessor.get_params>`,
+           in addition to the :ref:`online <engine request online>` arguments:
    :width: 100%
 
    ====================== ============== ========================================================================
@@ -165,8 +172,11 @@ parameters with default value can be redefined for special purposes.
    query                  str            the text query without the languages
    ====================== ============== ========================================================================
 
-.. table:: If the ``engine_type`` is ``online_currency```, in addition to the
+.. _engine request online_currency:
-           ``online`` arguments:
+
+.. table:: If the ``engine_type`` is :py:obj:`online_currency
+           <searx.search.processors.online_currency.OnlineCurrencyProcessor.get_params>`,
+           in addition to the :ref:`online <engine request online>` arguments:
    :width: 100%
 
    ====================== ============== ========================================================================
@@ -179,6 +189,26 @@ parameters with default value can be redefined for special purposes.
    to_name                str            currency name
    ====================== ============== ========================================================================
 
+.. _engine request online_url_search:
+
+.. table:: If the ``engine_type`` is :py:obj:`online_url_search
+           <searx.search.processors.online_url_search.OnlineUrlSearchProcessor.get_params>`,
+           in addition to the :ref:`online <engine request online>` arguments:
+   :width: 100%
+
+   ====================== ============== ========================================================================
+   argument               type           default-value, information
+   ====================== ============== ========================================================================
+   search_url             dict           URLs from the search query:
+
+                                         .. code:: python
+
+                                            {
+                                              'http': str,
+                                              'ftp': str,
+                                              'data:image': str
+                                            }
+   ====================== ============== ========================================================================
 
 Specify Request
 ---------------

docs/dev/searxng_extra/update.rst

@@ -52,12 +52,12 @@ Scripts to update static data in :origin:`searx/data/`
   :members:
 
 
-``update_languages.py``
+``update_engine_traits.py``
-=======================
+===========================
 
-:origin:`[source] <searxng_extra/update/update_languages.py>`
+:origin:`[source] <searxng_extra/update/update_engine_traits.py>`
 
-.. automodule:: searxng_extra.update.update_languages
+.. automodule:: searxng_extra.update.update_engine_traits
   :members:
 
 

docs/src/searx.engine.archlinux.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+.. _archlinux engine:
+
+==========
+Arch Linux
+==========
+
+.. automodule:: searx.engines.archlinux
+  :members:
+

docs/src/searx.engine.dailymotion.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+.. _dailymotion engine:
+
+===========
+Dailymotion
+===========
+
+.. automodule:: searx.engines.dailymotion
+  :members:

docs/src/searx.engine.duckduckgo.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+.. _duckduckgo engines:
+
+=================
+DukcDukGo engines
+=================
+
+.. contents:: Contents
+   :depth: 2
+   :local:
+   :backlinks: entry
+
+.. automodule:: searx.engines.duckduckgo
+   :members:
+
+.. automodule:: searx.engines.duckduckgo_images
+   :members:
+
+.. automodule:: searx.engines.duckduckgo_definitions
+   :members:
+
+.. automodule:: searx.engines.duckduckgo_weather
+   :members:

docs/src/searx.enginelib.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+.. _searx.enginelib:
+
+============
+Engine model
+============
+
+.. automodule:: searx.enginelib
+  :members:
+
+.. _searx.enginelib.traits:
+
+=============
+Engine traits
+=============
+
+.. automodule:: searx.enginelib.traits
+  :members:

docs/src/searx.engines.bing.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+.. _bing engines:
+
+============
+Bing Engines
+============
+
+.. contents:: Contents
+   :depth: 2
+   :local:
+   :backlinks: entry
+
+
+.. _bing web engine:
+
+Bing WEB
+========
+
+.. automodule:: searx.engines.bing
+  :members:
+
+.. _bing images engine:
+
+Bing Images
+===========
+
+.. automodule:: searx.engines.bing_images
+  :members:
+
+.. _bing videos engine:
+
+Bing Videos
+===========
+
+.. automodule:: searx.engines.bing_videos
+  :members:
+
+.. _bing news engine:
+
+Bing News
+=========
+
+.. automodule:: searx.engines.bing_news
+  :members:

docs/src/searx.engines.google.rst

@@ -12,15 +12,21 @@ Google Engines
 
 .. _google API:
 
-google API
+Google API
 ==========
 
 .. _Query Parameter Definitions:
    https://developers.google.com/custom-search/docs/xml_results#WebSearch_Query_Parameter_Definitions
 
+SearXNG's implementation of the Google API is mainly done in
+:py:obj:`get_google_info <searx.engines.google.get_google_info>`.
+
 For detailed description of the *REST-full* API see: `Query Parameter
-Definitions`_.  Not all parameters can be appied and some engines are *special*
+Definitions`_.  The linked API documentation can sometimes be helpful during
-(e.g. :ref:`google news engine`).
+reverse engineering.  However, we cannot use it in the freely accessible WEB
+services; not all parameters can be applied and some engines are more *special*
+than other (e.g. :ref:`google news engine`).
+
 
 .. _google web engine:
 
@@ -30,6 +36,13 @@ Google WEB
 .. automodule:: searx.engines.google
   :members:
 
+.. _google autocomplete:
+
+Google Autocomplete
+====================
+
+.. autofunction:: searx.autocomplete.google_complete
+
 .. _google images engine:
 
 Google Images
@@ -53,3 +66,11 @@ Google News
 
 .. automodule:: searx.engines.google_news
   :members:
+
+.. _google scholar engine:
+
+Google Scholar
+==============
+
+.. automodule:: searx.engines.google_scholar
+  :members:

docs/src/searx.engines.peertube.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+.. _peertube engines:
+
+================
+Peertube Engines
+================
+
+.. contents:: Contents
+   :depth: 2
+   :local:
+   :backlinks: entry
+
+
+.. _peertube video engine:
+
+Peertube Video
+==============
+
+.. automodule:: searx.engines.peertube
+  :members:
+
+.. _sepiasearch engine:
+
+SepiaSearch
+===========
+
+.. automodule:: searx.engines.sepiasearch
+  :members:

docs/src/searx.engines.rst

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-.. _load_engines:
+.. _searx.engines:
 
-============
+=================
-Load Engines
+SearXNG's engines
-============
+=================
 
 .. automodule:: searx.engines
   :members:

docs/src/searx.engines.startpage.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+.. _startpage engines:
+
+=================
+Startpage engines
+=================
+
+.. contents:: Contents
+   :depth: 2
+   :local:
+   :backlinks: entry
+
+.. automodule:: searx.engines.startpage
+   :members:

docs/src/searx.engines.wikipedia.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+.. _wikimedia engines:
+
+=========
+Wikimedia
+=========
+
+.. contents:: Contents
+   :depth: 2
+   :local:
+   :backlinks: entry
+
+
+.. _wikipedia engine:
+
+Wikipedia
+=========
+
+.. automodule:: searx.engines.wikipedia
+  :members:
+
+.. _wikidata engine:
+
+Wikidata
+=========
+
+.. automodule:: searx.engines.wikidata
+  :members:

docs/src/searx.locales.rst

@@ -4,5 +4,17 @@
 Locales
 =======
 
+.. contents:: Contents
+   :depth: 2
+   :local:
+   :backlinks: entry
+
 .. automodule:: searx.locales
   :members:
+
+
+SearXNG's locale codes
+======================
+
+.. automodule:: searx.sxng_locales
+  :members:

docs/src/searx.search.processors.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+.. _searx.search.processors:
+
+=================
+Search processors
+=================
+
+.. contents:: Contents
+   :depth: 2
+   :local:
+   :backlinks: entry
+
+
+Abstract processor class
+========================
+
+.. automodule:: searx.search.processors.abstract
+  :members:
+
+Offline processor
+=================
+
+.. automodule:: searx.search.processors.offline
+  :members:
+
+Online processor
+================
+
+.. automodule:: searx.search.processors.online
+  :members:
+
+Online currency processor
+=========================
+
+.. automodule:: searx.search.processors.online_currency
+  :members:
+
+Online Dictionary processor
+===========================
+
+.. automodule:: searx.search.processors.online_dictionary
+  :members:
+
+Online URL search processor
+===========================
+
+.. automodule:: searx.search.processors.online_url_search
+  :members:

manage

@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ PYLINT_SEARXNG_DISABLE_OPTION="\
 I,C,R,\
 W0105,W0212,W0511,W0603,W0613,W0621,W0702,W0703,W1401,\
 E1136"
-PYLINT_ADDITIONAL_BUILTINS_FOR_ENGINES="supported_languages,language_aliases,logger,categories"
+PYLINT_ADDITIONAL_BUILTINS_FOR_ENGINES="traits,supported_languages,language_aliases,logger,categories"
 PYLINT_OPTIONS="-m pylint -j 0 --rcfile .pylintrc"
 
 help() {

requirements.txt

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 certifi==2022.12.7
-babel==2.11.0
+babel==2.12.1
 flask-babel==3.0.1
 flask==2.2.3
 jinja2==3.1.2

searx/autocomplete.py

@@ -5,20 +5,20 @@
 """
 # pylint: disable=use-dict-literal
 
-from json import loads
+import json
 from urllib.parse import urlencode
 
-from lxml import etree
+import lxml
 from httpx import HTTPError
 
 from searx import settings
-from searx.data import ENGINES_LANGUAGES
+from searx.engines import (
+    engines,
+    google,
+)
 from searx.network import get as http_get
 from searx.exceptions import SearxEngineResponseException
 
-# a fetch_supported_languages() for XPath engines isn't available right now
-# _brave = ENGINES_LANGUAGES['brave'].keys()
-
 
 def get(*args, **kwargs):
     if 'timeout' not in kwargs:
@@ -55,34 +55,58 @@ def dbpedia(query, _lang):
     results = []
 
     if response.ok:
-        dom = etree.fromstring(response.content)
+        dom = lxml.etree.fromstring(response.content)
         results = dom.xpath('//Result/Label//text()')
 
     return results
 
 
-def duckduckgo(query, _lang):
+def duckduckgo(query, sxng_locale):
-    # duckduckgo autocompleter
+    """Autocomplete from DuckDuckGo. Supports DuckDuckGo's languages"""
-    url = 'https://ac.duckduckgo.com/ac/?{0}&type=list'
 
-    resp = loads(get(url.format(urlencode(dict(q=query)))).text)
+    traits = engines['duckduckgo'].traits
-    if len(resp) > 1:
+    args = {
-        return resp[1]
+        'q': query,
-    return []
+        'kl': traits.get_region(sxng_locale, traits.all_locale),
+    }
+
+    url = 'https://duckduckgo.com/ac/?type=list&' + urlencode(args)
+    resp = get(url)
+
+    ret_val = []
+    if resp.ok:
+        j = resp.json()
+        if len(j) > 1:
+            ret_val = j[1]
+    return ret_val
 
 
-def google(query, lang):
+def google_complete(query, sxng_locale):
-    # google autocompleter
+    """Autocomplete from Google.  Supports Google's languages and subdomains
-    autocomplete_url = 'https://suggestqueries.google.com/complete/search?client=toolbar&'
+    (:py:obj:`searx.engines.google.get_google_info`) by using the async REST
+    API::
 
-    response = get(autocomplete_url + urlencode(dict(hl=lang, q=query)))
+        https://{subdomain}/complete/search?{args}
 
+    """
+
+    google_info = google.get_google_info({'searxng_locale': sxng_locale}, engines['google'].traits)
+
+    url = 'https://{subdomain}/complete/search?{args}'
+    args = urlencode(
+        {
+            'q': query,
+            'client': 'gws-wiz',
+            'hl': google_info['params']['hl'],
+        }
+    )
     results = []
-
+    resp = get(url.format(subdomain=google_info['subdomain'], args=args))
-    if response.ok:
+    if resp.ok:
-        dom = etree.fromstring(response.text)
+        json_txt = resp.text[resp.text.find('[') : resp.text.find(']', -3) + 1]
-        results = dom.xpath('//suggestion/@data')
+        data = json.loads(json_txt)
-
+        for item in data[0]:
+            results.append(lxml.html.fromstring(item[0]).text_content())
     return results
 
 
@@ -109,9 +133,9 @@ def seznam(query, _lang):
     ]
 
 
-def startpage(query, lang):
+def startpage(query, sxng_locale):
-    # startpage autocompleter
+    """Autocomplete from Startpage. Supports Startpage's languages"""
-    lui = ENGINES_LANGUAGES['startpage'].get(lang, 'english')
+    lui = engines['startpage'].traits.get_language(sxng_locale, 'english')
     url = 'https://startpage.com/suggestions?{query}'
     resp = get(url.format(query=urlencode({'q': query, 'segment': 'startpage.udog', 'lui': lui})))
     data = resp.json()
@@ -122,20 +146,20 @@ def swisscows(query, _lang):
     # swisscows autocompleter
     url = 'https://swisscows.ch/api/suggest?{query}&itemsCount=5'
 
-    resp = loads(get(url.format(query=urlencode({'query': query}))).text)
+    resp = json.loads(get(url.format(query=urlencode({'query': query}))).text)
     return resp
 
 
-def qwant(query, lang):
+def qwant(query, sxng_locale):
-    # qwant autocompleter (additional parameter : lang=en_en&count=xxx )
+    """Autocomplete from Qwant. Supports Qwant's regions."""
-    url = 'https://api.qwant.com/api/suggest?{query}'
-
-    resp = get(url.format(query=urlencode({'q': query, 'lang': lang})))
-
     results = []
 
+    locale = engines['qwant'].traits.get_region(sxng_locale, 'en_US')
+    url = 'https://api.qwant.com/v3/suggest?{query}'
+    resp = get(url.format(query=urlencode({'q': query, 'locale': locale, 'version': '2'})))
+
     if resp.ok:
-        data = loads(resp.text)
+        data = resp.json()
         if data['status'] == 'success':
             for item in data['data']['items']:
                 results.append(item['value'])
@@ -143,21 +167,38 @@ def qwant(query, lang):
     return results
 
 
-def wikipedia(query, lang):
+def wikipedia(query, sxng_locale):
-    # wikipedia autocompleter
+    """Autocomplete from Wikipedia. Supports Wikipedia's languages (aka netloc)."""
-    url = 'https://' + lang + '.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=opensearch&{0}&limit=10&namespace=0&format=json'
+    results = []
+    eng_traits = engines['wikipedia'].traits
+    wiki_lang = eng_traits.get_language(sxng_locale, 'en')
+    wiki_netloc = eng_traits.custom['wiki_netloc'].get(wiki_lang, 'en.wikipedia.org')
 
-    resp = loads(get(url.format(urlencode(dict(search=query)))).text)
+    url = 'https://{wiki_netloc}/w/api.php?{args}'
-    if len(resp) > 1:
+    args = urlencode(
-        return resp[1]
+        {
-    return []
+            'action': 'opensearch',
+            'format': 'json',
+            'formatversion': '2',
+            'search': query,
+            'namespace': '0',
+            'limit': '10',
+        }
+    )
+    resp = get(url.format(args=args, wiki_netloc=wiki_netloc))
+    if resp.ok:
+        data = resp.json()
+        if len(data) > 1:
+            results = data[1]
+
+    return results
 
 
 def yandex(query, _lang):
     # yandex autocompleter
     url = "https://suggest.yandex.com/suggest-ff.cgi?{0}"
 
-    resp = loads(get(url.format(urlencode(dict(part=query)))).text)
+    resp = json.loads(get(url.format(urlencode(dict(part=query)))).text)
     if len(resp) > 1:
         return resp[1]
     return []
@@ -166,7 +207,7 @@ def yandex(query, _lang):
 backends = {
     'dbpedia': dbpedia,
     'duckduckgo': duckduckgo,
-    'google': google,
+    'google': google_complete,
     'seznam': seznam,
     'startpage': startpage,
     'swisscows': swisscows,
@@ -177,12 +218,11 @@ backends = {
 }
 
 
-def search_autocomplete(backend_name, query, lang):
+def search_autocomplete(backend_name, query, sxng_locale):
     backend = backends.get(backend_name)
     if backend is None:
         return []
-
     try:
-        return backend(query, lang)
+        return backend(query, sxng_locale)
     except (HTTPError, SearxEngineResponseException):
         return []

searx/data/__init__.py

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
 """
 
 __all__ = [
-    'ENGINES_LANGUAGES',
+    'ENGINE_TRAITS',
     'CURRENCIES',
     'USER_AGENTS',
     'EXTERNAL_URLS',
@@ -42,7 +42,6 @@ def ahmia_blacklist_loader():
         return f.read().split()
 
 
-ENGINES_LANGUAGES = _load('engines_languages.json')
 CURRENCIES = _load('currencies.json')
 USER_AGENTS = _load('useragents.json')
 EXTERNAL_URLS = _load('external_urls.json')
@@ -50,3 +49,4 @@ WIKIDATA_UNITS = _load('wikidata_units.json')
 EXTERNAL_BANGS = _load('external_bangs.json')
 OSM_KEYS_TAGS = _load('osm_keys_tags.json')
 ENGINE_DESCRIPTIONS = _load('engine_descriptions.json')
+ENGINE_TRAITS = _load('engine_traits.json')

searx/enginelib/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-or-later
+# lint: pylint
+"""Engine related implementations
+
+.. note::
+
+   The long term goal is to modularize all relevant implementations to the
+   engines here in this Python package.  In addition to improved modularization,
+   this will also be necessary in part because the probability of circular
+   imports will increase due to the increased typification of implementations in
+   the future.
+
+   ToDo:
+
+   - move :py:obj:`searx.engines.load_engine` to a new module `searx.enginelib`.
+"""
+
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+from typing import Union, Dict, List, Callable, TYPE_CHECKING
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from searx.enginelib import traits
+
+
+class Engine:  # pylint: disable=too-few-public-methods
+    """Class of engine instances build from YAML settings.
+
+    Further documentation see :ref:`general engine configuration`.
+
+    .. hint::
+
+       This class is currently never initialized and only used for type hinting.
+    """
+
+    # Common options in the engine module
+
+    engine_type: str
+    """Type of the engine (:origin:`searx/search/processors`)"""
+
+    paging: bool
+    """Engine supports multiple pages."""
+
+    time_range_support: bool
+    """Engine supports search time range."""
+
+    safesearch: bool
+    """Engine supports SafeSearch"""
+
+    language_support: bool
+    """Engine supports languages (locales) search."""
+
+    language: str
+    """For an engine, when there is ``language: ...`` in the YAML settings the engine
+    does support only this one language:
+
+    .. code:: yaml
+
+      - name: google french
+        engine: google
+        language: fr
+    """
+
+    region: str
+    """For an engine, when there is ``region: ...`` in the YAML settings the engine
+    does support only this one region::
+
+    .. code:: yaml
+
+      - name: google belgium
+        engine: google
+        region: fr-BE
+    """
+
+    fetch_traits: Callable
+    """Function to to fetch engine's traits from origin."""
+
+    traits: traits.EngineTraits
+    """Traits of the engine."""
+
+    # settings.yml
+
+    categories: List[str]
+    """Tabs, in which the engine is working."""
+
+    name: str
+    """Name that will be used across SearXNG to define this engine.  In settings, on
+    the result page .."""
+
+    engine: str
+    """Name of the python file used to handle requests and responses to and from
+    this search engine (file name from :origin:`searx/engines` without
+    ``.py``)."""
+
+    enable_http: bool
+    """Enable HTTP (by default only HTTPS is enabled)."""
+
+    shortcut: str
+    """Code used to execute bang requests (``!foo``)"""
+
+    timeout: float
+    """Specific timeout for search-engine."""
+
+    display_error_messages: bool
+    """Display error messages on the web UI."""
+
+    proxies: dict
+    """Set proxies for a specific engine (YAML):
+
+    .. code:: yaml
+
+       proxies :
+         http:  socks5://proxy:port
+         https: socks5://proxy:port
+    """
+
+    disabled: bool
+    """To disable by default the engine, but not deleting it.  It will allow the
+    user to manually activate it in the settings."""
+
+    inactive: bool
+    """Remove the engine from the settings (*disabled & removed*)."""
+
+    about: dict
+    """Additional fileds describing the engine.
+
+    .. code:: yaml
+
+       about:
+          website: https://example.com
+          wikidata_id: Q306656
+          official_api_documentation: https://example.com/api-doc
+          use_official_api: true
+          require_api_key: true
+          results: HTML
+    """

searx/enginelib/traits.py

@@ -0,0 +1,250 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-or-later
+# lint: pylint
+"""Engine's traits are fetched from the origin engines and stored in a JSON file
+in the *data folder*.  Most often traits are languages and region codes and
+their mapping from SearXNG's representation to the representation in the origin
+search engine.  For new traits new properties can be added to the class
+:py:class:`EngineTraits`.
+
+To load traits from the persistence :py:obj:`EngineTraitsMap.from_data` can be
+used.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+import json
+import dataclasses
+from typing import Dict, Union, Callable, Optional, TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Self
+
+from searx import locales
+from searx.data import data_dir, ENGINE_TRAITS
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from . import Engine
+
+
+class EngineTraitsEncoder(json.JSONEncoder):
+    """Encodes :class:`EngineTraits` to a serializable object, see
+    :class:`json.JSONEncoder`."""
+
+    def default(self, o):
+        """Return dictionary of a :class:`EngineTraits` object."""
+        if isinstance(o, EngineTraits):
+            return o.__dict__
+        return super().default(o)
+
+
+@dataclasses.dataclass
+class EngineTraits:
+    """The class is intended to be instantiated for each engine."""
+
+    regions: Dict[str, str] = dataclasses.field(default_factory=dict)
+    """Maps SearXNG's internal representation of a region to the one of the engine.
+
+    SearXNG's internal representation can be parsed by babel and the value is
+    send to the engine:
+
+    .. code:: python
+
+       regions ={
+           'fr-BE' : <engine's region name>,
+       }
+
+       for key, egnine_region regions.items():
+          searxng_region = babel.Locale.parse(key, sep='-')
+          ...
+    """
+
+    languages: Dict[str, str] = dataclasses.field(default_factory=dict)
+    """Maps SearXNG's internal representation of a language to the one of the engine.
+
+    SearXNG's internal representation can be parsed by babel and the value is
+    send to the engine:
+
+    .. code:: python
+
+       languages = {
+           'ca' : <engine's language name>,
+       }
+
+       for key, egnine_lang in languages.items():
+          searxng_lang = babel.Locale.parse(key)
+          ...
+    """
+
+    all_locale: Optional[str] = None
+    """To which locale value SearXNG's ``all`` language is mapped (shown a "Default
+    language").
+    """
+
+    data_type: Literal['traits_v1'] = 'traits_v1'
+    """Data type, default is 'traits_v1'.
+    """
+
+    custom: Dict[str, Dict] = dataclasses.field(default_factory=dict)
+    """A place to store engine's custom traits, not related to the SearXNG core
+
+    """
+
+    def get_language(self, searxng_locale: str, default=None):
+        """Return engine's language string that *best fits* to SearXNG's locale.
+
+        :param searxng_locale: SearXNG's internal representation of locale
+          selected by the user.
+
+        :param default: engine's default language
+
+        The *best fits* rules are implemented in
+        :py:obj:`locales.get_engine_locale`.  Except for the special value ``all``
+        which is determined from :py:obj`EngineTraits.all_language`.
+        """
+        if searxng_locale == 'all' and self.all_locale is not None:
+            return self.all_locale
+        return locales.get_engine_locale(searxng_locale, self.languages, default=default)
+
+    def get_region(self, searxng_locale: str, default=None):
+        """Return engine's region string that best fits to SearXNG's locale.
+
+        :param searxng_locale: SearXNG's internal representation of locale
+          selected by the user.
+
+        :param default: engine's default region
+
+        The *best fits* rules are implemented in
+        :py:obj:`locales.get_engine_locale`.  Except for the special value ``all``
+        which is determined from :py:obj`EngineTraits.all_language`.
+        """
+        if searxng_locale == 'all' and self.all_locale is not None:
+            return self.all_locale
+        return locales.get_engine_locale(searxng_locale, self.regions, default=default)
+
+    def is_locale_supported(self, searxng_locale: str) -> bool:
+        """A *locale* (SearXNG's internal representation) is considered to be supported
+        by the engine if the *region* or the *language* is supported by the
+        engine.  For verification the functions :py:func:`self.get_region` and
+        :py:func:`self.get_region` are used.
+        """
+        if self.data_type == 'traits_v1':
+            return bool(self.get_region(searxng_locale) or self.get_language(searxng_locale))
+
+        raise TypeError('engine traits of type %s is unknown' % self.data_type)
+
+    def copy(self):
+        """Create a copy of the dataclass object."""
+        return EngineTraits(**dataclasses.asdict(self))
+
+    @classmethod
+    def fetch_traits(cls, engine: Engine) -> Union[Self, None]:
+        """Call a function ``fetch_traits(engine_traits)`` from engines namespace to fetch
+        and set properties from the origin engine in the object ``engine_traits``.  If
+        function does not exists, ``None`` is returned.
+        """
+
+        fetch_traits = getattr(engine, 'fetch_traits', None)
+        engine_traits = None
+
+        if fetch_traits:
+            engine_traits = cls()
+            fetch_traits(engine_traits)
+        return engine_traits
+
+    def set_traits(self, engine: Engine):
+        """Set traits from self object in a :py:obj:`.Engine` namespace.
+
+        :param engine: engine instance build by :py:func:`searx.engines.load_engine`
+        """
+
+        if self.data_type == 'traits_v1':
+            self._set_traits_v1(engine)
+        else:
+            raise TypeError('engine traits of type %s is unknown' % self.data_type)
+
+    def _set_traits_v1(self, engine: Engine):
+        # For an engine, when there is `language: ...` in the YAML settings the engine
+        # does support only this one language (region)::
+        #
+        #   - name: google italian
+        #     engine: google
+        #     language: it
+        #     region: it-IT
+
+        traits = self.copy()
+
+        _msg = "settings.yml - engine: '%s' / %s: '%s' not supported"
+
+        languages = traits.languages
+        if hasattr(engine, 'language'):
+            if engine.language not in languages:
+                raise ValueError(_msg % (engine.name, 'language', engine.language))
+            traits.languages = {engine.language: languages[engine.language]}
+
+        regions = traits.regions
+        if hasattr(engine, 'region'):
+            if engine.region not in regions:
+                raise ValueError(_msg % (engine.name, 'region', engine.region))
+            traits.regions = {engine.region: regions[engine.region]}
+
+        engine.language_support = bool(traits.languages or traits.regions)
+
+        # set the copied & modified traits in engine's namespace
+        engine.traits = traits
+
+
+class EngineTraitsMap(Dict[str, EngineTraits]):
+    """A python dictionary to map :class:`EngineTraits` by engine name."""
+
+    ENGINE_TRAITS_FILE = (data_dir / 'engine_traits.json').resolve()
+    """File with persistence of the :py:obj:`EngineTraitsMap`."""
+
+    def save_data(self):
+        """Store EngineTraitsMap in in file :py:obj:`self.ENGINE_TRAITS_FILE`"""
+        with open(self.ENGINE_TRAITS_FILE, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f:
+            json.dump(self, f, indent=2, sort_keys=True, cls=EngineTraitsEncoder)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_data(cls) -> Self:
+        """Instantiate :class:`EngineTraitsMap` object from :py:obj:`ENGINE_TRAITS`"""
+        obj = cls()
+        for k, v in ENGINE_TRAITS.items():
+            obj[k] = EngineTraits(**v)
+        return obj
+
+    @classmethod
+    def fetch_traits(cls, log: Callable) -> Self:
+        from searx import engines  # pylint: disable=cyclic-import, import-outside-toplevel
+
+        names = list(engines.engines)
+        names.sort()
+        obj = cls()
+
+        for engine_name in names:
+            engine = engines.engines[engine_name]
+
+            traits = EngineTraits.fetch_traits(engine)
+            if traits is not None:
+                log("%-20s: SearXNG languages --> %s " % (engine_name, len(traits.languages)))
+                log("%-20s: SearXNG regions   --> %s" % (engine_name, len(traits.regions)))
+                obj[engine_name] = traits
+
+        return obj
+
+    def set_traits(self, engine: Engine):
+        """Set traits in a :py:obj:`Engine` namespace.
+
+        :param engine: engine instance build by :py:func:`searx.engines.load_engine`
+        """
+
+        engine_traits = EngineTraits(data_type='traits_v1')
+        if engine.name in self.keys():
+            engine_traits = self[engine.name]
+
+        elif engine.engine in self.keys():
+            # The key of the dictionary traits_map is the *engine name*
+            # configured in settings.xml.  When multiple engines are configured
+            # in settings.yml to use the same origin engine (python module)
+            # these additional engines can use the languages from the origin
+            # engine.  For this use the configured ``engine: ...`` from
+            # settings.yml
+            engine_traits = self[engine.engine]
+
+        engine_traits.set_traits(engine)

searx/engines/__init__.py

@@ -11,24 +11,22 @@ usage::
 
 """
 
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import sys
 import copy
-from typing import Dict, List, Optional
-
 from os.path import realpath, dirname
-from babel.localedata import locale_identifiers
-from searx import logger, settings
-from searx.data import ENGINES_LANGUAGES
-from searx.network import get
-from searx.utils import load_module, match_language, gen_useragent
 
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Dict, Optional
+
+from searx import logger, settings
+from searx.utils import load_module
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from searx.enginelib import Engine
 
 logger = logger.getChild('engines')
 ENGINE_DIR = dirname(realpath(__file__))
-BABEL_LANGS = [
-    lang_parts[0] + '-' + lang_parts[-1] if len(lang_parts) > 1 else lang_parts[0]
-    for lang_parts in (lang_code.split('_') for lang_code in locale_identifiers())
-]
 ENGINE_DEFAULT_ARGS = {
     "engine_type": "online",
     "inactive": False,
@@ -36,8 +34,6 @@ ENGINE_DEFAULT_ARGS = {
     "timeout": settings["outgoing"]["request_timeout"],
     "shortcut": "-",
     "categories": ["general"],
-    "supported_languages": [],
-    "language_aliases": {},
     "paging": False,
     "safesearch": False,
     "time_range_support": False,
@@ -52,24 +48,6 @@ ENGINE_DEFAULT_ARGS = {
 OTHER_CATEGORY = 'other'
 
 
-class Engine:  # pylint: disable=too-few-public-methods
-    """This class is currently never initialized and only used for type hinting."""
-
-    name: str
-    engine: str
-    shortcut: str
-    categories: List[str]
-    supported_languages: List[str]
-    about: dict
-    inactive: bool
-    disabled: bool
-    language_support: bool
-    paging: bool
-    safesearch: bool
-    time_range_support: bool
-    timeout: float
-
-
 # Defaults for the namespace of an engine module, see :py:func:`load_engine`
 
 categories = {'general': []}
@@ -136,9 +114,15 @@ def load_engine(engine_data: dict) -> Optional[Engine]:
         return None
 
     update_engine_attributes(engine, engine_data)
-    set_language_attributes(engine)
     update_attributes_for_tor(engine)
 
+    # avoid cyclic imports
+    # pylint: disable=import-outside-toplevel
+    from searx.enginelib.traits import EngineTraitsMap
+
+    trait_map = EngineTraitsMap.from_data()
+    trait_map.set_traits(engine)
+
     if not is_engine_active(engine):
         return None
 
@@ -190,60 +174,6 @@ def update_engine_attributes(engine: Engine, engine_data):
             setattr(engine, arg_name, copy.deepcopy(arg_value))
 
 
-def set_language_attributes(engine: Engine):
-    # assign supported languages from json file
-    if engine.name in ENGINES_LANGUAGES:
-        engine.supported_languages = ENGINES_LANGUAGES[engine.name]
-
-    elif engine.engine in ENGINES_LANGUAGES:
-        # The key of the dictionary ENGINES_LANGUAGES is the *engine name*
-        # configured in settings.xml.  When multiple engines are configured in
-        # settings.yml to use the same origin engine (python module) these
-        # additional engines can use the languages from the origin engine.
-        # For this use the configured ``engine: ...`` from settings.yml
-        engine.supported_languages = ENGINES_LANGUAGES[engine.engine]
-
-    if hasattr(engine, 'language'):
-        # For an engine, when there is `language: ...` in the YAML settings, the
-        # engine supports only one language, in this case
-        # engine.supported_languages should contains this value defined in
-        # settings.yml
-        if engine.language not in engine.supported_languages:
-            raise ValueError(
-                "settings.yml - engine: '%s' / language: '%s' not supported" % (engine.name, engine.language)
-            )
-
-        if isinstance(engine.supported_languages, dict):
-            engine.supported_languages = {engine.language: engine.supported_languages[engine.language]}
-        else:
-            engine.supported_languages = [engine.language]
-
-    # find custom aliases for non standard language codes
-    for engine_lang in engine.supported_languages:
-        iso_lang = match_language(engine_lang, BABEL_LANGS, fallback=None)
-        if (
-            iso_lang
-            and iso_lang != engine_lang
-            and not engine_lang.startswith(iso_lang)
-            and iso_lang not in engine.supported_languages
-        ):
-            engine.language_aliases[iso_lang] = engine_lang
-
-    # language_support
-    engine.language_support = len(engine.supported_languages) > 0
-
-    # assign language fetching method if auxiliary method exists
-    if hasattr(engine, '_fetch_supported_languages'):
-        headers = {
-            'User-Agent': gen_useragent(),
-            'Accept-Language': "en-US,en;q=0.5",  # bing needs to set the English language
-        }
-        engine.fetch_supported_languages = (
-            # pylint: disable=protected-access
-            lambda: engine._fetch_supported_languages(get(engine.supported_languages_url, headers=headers))
-        )
-
-
 def update_attributes_for_tor(engine: Engine) -> bool:
     if using_tor_proxy(engine) and hasattr(engine, 'onion_url'):
         engine.search_url = engine.onion_url + getattr(engine, 'search_path', '')

searx/engines/archlinux.py

@@ -1,15 +1,32 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-or-later
+# lint: pylint
 """
- Arch Linux Wiki
+Arch Linux Wiki
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+This implementation does not use a official API: Mediawiki provides API, but
+Arch Wiki blocks access to it.
 
- API: Mediawiki provides API, but Arch Wiki blocks access to it
 """
 
-from urllib.parse import urlencode, urljoin
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
-from lxml import html
+from urllib.parse import urlencode, urljoin, urlparse
+import lxml
+import babel
+
+from searx import network
 from searx.utils import extract_text, eval_xpath_list, eval_xpath_getindex
+from searx.enginelib.traits import EngineTraits
+from searx.locales import language_tag
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    import logging
+
+    logger: logging.Logger
+
+traits: EngineTraits
+
 
-# about
 about = {
     "website": 'https://wiki.archlinux.org/',
     "wikidata_id": 'Q101445877',
@@ -22,125 +39,113 @@ about = {
 # engine dependent config
 categories = ['it', 'software wikis']
 paging = True
-base_url = 'https://wiki.archlinux.org'
+main_wiki = 'wiki.archlinux.org'
-
-# xpath queries
-xpath_results = '//ul[@class="mw-search-results"]/li'
-xpath_link = './/div[@class="mw-search-result-heading"]/a'
 
 
-# cut 'en' from 'en-US', 'de' from 'de-CH', and so on
-def locale_to_lang_code(locale):
-    if locale.find('-') >= 0:
-        locale = locale.split('-')[0]
-    return locale
-
-
-# wikis for some languages were moved off from the main site, we need to make
-# requests to correct URLs to be able to get results in those languages
-lang_urls = {
-    # fmt: off
-    'all': {
-        'base': 'https://wiki.archlinux.org',
-        'search': '/index.php?title=Special:Search&offset={offset}&{query}'
-    },
-    'de': {
-        'base': 'https://wiki.archlinux.de',
-        'search': '/index.php?title=Spezial:Suche&offset={offset}&{query}'
-    },
-    'fr': {
-        'base': 'https://wiki.archlinux.fr',
-        'search': '/index.php?title=Spécial:Recherche&offset={offset}&{query}'
-    },
-    'ja': {
-        'base': 'https://wiki.archlinuxjp.org',
-        'search': '/index.php?title=特別:検索&offset={offset}&{query}'
-    },
-    'ro': {
-        'base': 'http://wiki.archlinux.ro',
-        'search': '/index.php?title=Special:Căutare&offset={offset}&{query}'
-    },
-    'tr': {
-        'base': 'http://archtr.org/wiki',
-        'search': '/index.php?title=Özel:Ara&offset={offset}&{query}'
-    }
-    # fmt: on
-}
-
-
-# get base & search URLs for selected language
-def get_lang_urls(language):
-    if language in lang_urls:
-        return lang_urls[language]
-    return lang_urls['all']
-
-
-# Language names to build search requests for
-# those languages which are hosted on the main site.
-main_langs = {
-    'ar': 'العربية',
-    'bg': 'Български',
-    'cs': 'Česky',
-    'da': 'Dansk',
-    'el': 'Ελληνικά',
-    'es': 'Español',
-    'he': 'עברית',
-    'hr': 'Hrvatski',
-    'hu': 'Magyar',
-    'it': 'Italiano',
-    'ko': '한국어',
-    'lt': 'Lietuviškai',
-    'nl': 'Nederlands',
-    'pl': 'Polski',
-    'pt': 'Português',
-    'ru': 'Русский',
-    'sl': 'Slovenský',
-    'th': 'ไทย',
-    'uk': 'Українська',
-    'zh': '简体中文',
-}
-supported_languages = dict(lang_urls, **main_langs)
-
-
-# do search-request
 def request(query, params):
-    # translate the locale (e.g. 'en-US') to language code ('en')
-    language = locale_to_lang_code(params['language'])
 
-    # if our language is hosted on the main site, we need to add its name
+    sxng_lang = params['searxng_locale'].split('-')[0]
-    # to the query in order to narrow the results to that language
+    netloc = traits.custom['wiki_netloc'].get(sxng_lang, main_wiki)
-    if language in main_langs:
+    title = traits.custom['title'].get(sxng_lang, 'Special:Search')
-        query += ' (' + main_langs[language] + ')'
+    base_url = 'https://' + netloc + '/index.php?'
-
-    # prepare the request parameters
-    query = urlencode({'search': query})
     offset = (params['pageno'] - 1) * 20
 
-    # get request URLs for our language of choice
+    if netloc == main_wiki:
-    urls = get_lang_urls(language)
+        eng_lang: str = traits.get_language(sxng_lang, 'English')
-    search_url = urls['base'] + urls['search']
+        query += ' (' + eng_lang + ')'
+    elif netloc == 'wiki.archlinuxcn.org':
+        base_url = 'https://' + netloc + '/wzh/index.php?'
 
-    params['url'] = search_url.format(query=query, offset=offset)
+    args = {
+        'search': query,
+        'title': title,
+        'limit': 20,
+        'offset': offset,
+        'profile': 'default',
+    }
 
+    params['url'] = base_url + urlencode(args)
     return params
 
 
-# get response from search-request
 def response(resp):
-    # get the base URL for the language in which request was made
-    language = locale_to_lang_code(resp.search_params['language'])
-    base_url = get_lang_urls(language)['base']
 
     results = []
+    dom = lxml.html.fromstring(resp.text)
 
-    dom = html.fromstring(resp.text)
+    # get the base URL for the language in which request was made
+    sxng_lang = resp.search_params['searxng_locale'].split('-')[0]
+    netloc = traits.custom['wiki_netloc'].get(sxng_lang, main_wiki)
+    base_url = 'https://' + netloc + '/index.php?'
 
-    # parse results
+    for result in eval_xpath_list(dom, '//ul[@class="mw-search-results"]/li'):
-    for result in eval_xpath_list(dom, xpath_results):
+        link = eval_xpath_getindex(result, './/div[@class="mw-search-result-heading"]/a', 0)
-        link = eval_xpath_getindex(result, xpath_link, 0)
+        content = extract_text(result.xpath('.//div[@class="searchresult"]'))
-        href = urljoin(base_url, link.attrib.get('href'))
+        results.append(
-        title = extract_text(link)
+            {
-
+                'url': urljoin(base_url, link.get('href')),
-        results.append({'url': href, 'title': title})
+                'title': extract_text(link),
+                'content': content,
+            }
+        )
 
     return results
+
+
+def fetch_traits(engine_traits: EngineTraits):
+    """Fetch languages from Archlinix-Wiki.  The location of the Wiki address of a
+    language is mapped in a :py:obj:`custom field
+    <searx.enginelib.traits.EngineTraits.custom>` (``wiki_netloc``).  Depending
+    on the location, the ``title`` argument in the request is translated.
+
+    .. code:: python
+
+       "custom": {
+         "wiki_netloc": {
+           "de": "wiki.archlinux.de",
+            # ...
+           "zh": "wiki.archlinuxcn.org"
+         }
+         "title": {
+           "de": "Spezial:Suche",
+            # ...
+           "zh": "Special:\u641c\u7d22"
+         },
+       },
+
+    """
+
+    engine_traits.custom['wiki_netloc'] = {}
+    engine_traits.custom['title'] = {}
+
+    title_map = {
+        'de': 'Spezial:Suche',
+        'fa': 'ویژه:جستجو',
+        'ja': '特別:検索',
+        'zh': 'Special:搜索',
+    }
+
+    resp = network.get('https://wiki.archlinux.org/')
+    if not resp.ok:
+        print("ERROR: response from wiki.archlinix.org is not OK.")
+
+    dom = lxml.html.fromstring(resp.text)
+    for a in eval_xpath_list(dom, "//a[@class='interlanguage-link-target']"):
+
+        sxng_tag = language_tag(babel.Locale.parse(a.get('lang'), sep='-'))
+        # zh_Hans --> zh
+        sxng_tag = sxng_tag.split('_')[0]
+
+        netloc = urlparse(a.get('href')).netloc
+        if netloc != 'wiki.archlinux.org':
+            title = title_map.get(sxng_tag)
+            if not title:
+                print("ERROR: title tag from %s (%s) is unknown" % (netloc, sxng_tag))
+                continue
+            engine_traits.custom['wiki_netloc'][sxng_tag] = netloc
+            engine_traits.custom['title'][sxng_tag] = title
+
+        eng_tag = extract_text(eval_xpath_list(a, ".//span"))
+        engine_traits.languages[sxng_tag] = eng_tag
+
+    engine_traits.languages['en'] = 'English'

searx/engines/bing.py

@@ -1,16 +1,53 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-or-later
 # lint: pylint
-"""Bing (Web)
+"""This is the implementation of the Bing-WEB engine. Some of this
+implementations are shared by other engines:
+
+- :ref:`bing images engine`
+- :ref:`bing news engine`
+- :ref:`bing videos engine`
+
+On the `preference page`_ Bing offers a lot of languages an regions (see section
+'Search results languages' and 'Country/region').  However, the abundant choice
+does not correspond to reality, where Bing has a full-text indexer only for a
+limited number of languages.  By example: you can select a language like Māori
+but you never get a result in this language.
+
+What comes a bit closer to the truth are the `search-APIs`_ but they don`t seem
+to be completely correct either (if you take a closer look you will find some
+inaccuracies there too):
+
+- :py:obj:`searx.engines.bing.bing_traits_url`
+- :py:obj:`searx.engines.bing_videos.bing_traits_url`
+- :py:obj:`searx.engines.bing_images.bing_traits_url`
+- :py:obj:`searx.engines.bing_news.bing_traits_url`
+
+.. _preference page: https://www.bing.com/account/general
+.. _search-APIs: https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/bing/search-apis/
 
-- https://github.com/searx/searx/issues/2019#issuecomment-648227442
 """
-# pylint: disable=too-many-branches
+# pylint: disable=too-many-branches, invalid-name
 
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+import datetime
 import re
-from urllib.parse import urlencode, urlparse, parse_qs
+import uuid
+from urllib.parse import urlencode
 from lxml import html
-from searx.utils import eval_xpath, extract_text, eval_xpath_list, match_language, eval_xpath_getindex
+import babel
-from searx.network import multi_requests, Request
+import babel.languages
+
+from searx.utils import eval_xpath, extract_text, eval_xpath_list, eval_xpath_getindex
+from searx import network
+from searx.locales import language_tag, region_tag
+from searx.enginelib.traits import EngineTraits
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    import logging
+
+    logger: logging.Logger
+
+traits: EngineTraits
 
 about = {
     "website": 'https://www.bing.com',
@@ -21,56 +58,124 @@ about = {
     "results": 'HTML',
 }
 
+send_accept_language_header = True
+"""Bing tries to guess user's language and territory from the HTTP
+Accept-Language.  Optional the user can select a search-language (can be
+different to the UI language) and a region (market code)."""
+
 # engine dependent config
 categories = ['general', 'web']
 paging = True
-time_range_support = False
+time_range_support = True
-safesearch = False
+safesearch = True
-send_accept_language_header = True
+safesearch_types = {2: 'STRICT', 1: 'DEMOTE', 0: 'OFF'}  # cookie: ADLT=STRICT
-supported_languages_url = 'https://www.bing.com/account/general'
-language_aliases = {}
 
-# search-url
+base_url = 'https://www.bing.com/search'
-base_url = 'https://www.bing.com/'
+"""Bing (Web) search URL"""
 
-# initial query:     https://www.bing.com/search?q=foo&search=&form=QBLH
+bing_traits_url = 'https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/bing/search-apis/bing-web-search/reference/market-codes'
-inital_query = 'search?{query}&search=&form=QBLH'
+"""Bing (Web) search API description"""
-
-# following queries: https://www.bing.com/search?q=foo&search=&first=11&FORM=PERE
-page_query = 'search?{query}&search=&first={offset}&FORM=PERE'
 
 
 def _get_offset_from_pageno(pageno):
     return (pageno - 1) * 10 + 1
 
 
+def set_bing_cookies(params, engine_language, engine_region, SID):
+
+    # set cookies
+    # -----------
+
+    params['cookies']['_EDGE_V'] = '1'
+
+    # _EDGE_S: F=1&SID=3A5253BD6BCA609509B741876AF961CA&mkt=zh-tw
+    _EDGE_S = [
+        'F=1',
+        'SID=%s' % SID,
+        'mkt=%s' % engine_region.lower(),
+        'ui=%s' % engine_language.lower(),
+    ]
+    params['cookies']['_EDGE_S'] = '&'.join(_EDGE_S)
+    logger.debug("cookie _EDGE_S=%s", params['cookies']['_EDGE_S'])
+
+    # "_EDGE_CD": "m=zh-tw",
+
+    _EDGE_CD = [  # pylint: disable=invalid-name
+        'm=%s' % engine_region.lower(),  # search region: zh-cn
+        'u=%s' % engine_language.lower(),  # UI: en-us
+    ]
+
+    params['cookies']['_EDGE_CD'] = '&'.join(_EDGE_CD) + ';'
+    logger.debug("cookie _EDGE_CD=%s", params['cookies']['_EDGE_CD'])
+
+    SRCHHPGUSR = [  # pylint: disable=invalid-name
+        'SRCHLANG=%s' % engine_language,
+        # Trying to set ADLT cookie here seems not to have any effect, I assume
+        # there is some age verification by a cookie (and/or session ID) needed,
+        # to disable the SafeSearch.
+        'ADLT=%s' % safesearch_types.get(params['safesearch'], 'DEMOTE'),
+    ]
+    params['cookies']['SRCHHPGUSR'] = '&'.join(SRCHHPGUSR)
+    logger.debug("cookie SRCHHPGUSR=%s", params['cookies']['SRCHHPGUSR'])
+
+
 def request(query, params):
+    """Assemble a Bing-Web request."""
 
-    offset = _get_offset_from_pageno(params.get('pageno', 1))
+    engine_region = traits.get_region(params['searxng_locale'], 'en-US')
+    engine_language = traits.get_language(params['searxng_locale'], 'en')
 
-    # logger.debug("params['pageno'] --> %s", params.get('pageno'))
+    SID = uuid.uuid1().hex.upper()
-    # logger.debug("          offset --> %s", offset)
+    CVID = uuid.uuid1().hex.upper()
 
-    search_string = page_query
+    set_bing_cookies(params, engine_language, engine_region, SID)
-    if offset == 1:
-        search_string = inital_query
 
-    if params['language'] == 'all':
+    # build URL query
-        lang = 'EN'
+    # ---------------
-    else:
-        lang = match_language(params['language'], supported_languages, language_aliases)
 
-    query = 'language:{} {}'.format(lang.split('-')[0].upper(), query)
+    # query term
+    page = int(params.get('pageno', 1))
+    query_params = {
+        # fmt: off
+        'q': query,
+        'pq': query,
+        'cvid': CVID,
+        'qs': 'n',
+        'sp': '-1'
+        # fmt: on
+    }
 
-    search_path = search_string.format(query=urlencode({'q': query}), offset=offset)
+    # page
-
+    if page > 1:
-    if offset > 1:
+        referer = base_url + '?' + urlencode(query_params)
-        referer = base_url + inital_query.format(query=urlencode({'q': query}))
         params['headers']['Referer'] = referer
         logger.debug("headers.Referer --> %s", referer)
 
-    params['url'] = base_url + search_path
+    query_params['first'] = _get_offset_from_pageno(page)
-    params['headers']['Accept'] = 'text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,*/*;q=0.8'
+
+    if page == 2:
+        query_params['FORM'] = 'PERE'
+    elif page > 2:
+        query_params['FORM'] = 'PERE%s' % (page - 2)
+
+    filters = ''
+    if params['time_range']:
+        query_params['filt'] = 'custom'
+
+        if params['time_range'] == 'day':
+            filters = 'ex1:"ez1"'
+        elif params['time_range'] == 'week':
+            filters = 'ex1:"ez2"'
+        elif params['time_range'] == 'month':
+            filters = 'ex1:"ez3"'
+        elif params['time_range'] == 'year':
+            epoch_1970 = datetime.date(1970, 1, 1)
+            today_no = (datetime.date.today() - epoch_1970).days
+            filters = 'ex1:"ez5_%s_%s"' % (today_no - 365, today_no)
+
+    params['url'] = base_url + '?' + urlencode(query_params)
+    if filters:
+        params['url'] = params['url'] + '&filters=' + filters
     return params
 
 
@@ -107,7 +212,8 @@ def response(resp):
             url_cite = extract_text(eval_xpath(result, './/div[@class="b_attribution"]/cite'))
             # Bing can shorten the URL either at the end or in the middle of the string
             if (
-                url_cite.startswith('https://')
+                url_cite
+                and url_cite.startswith('https://')
                 and '…' not in url_cite
                 and '...' not in url_cite
                 and '›' not in url_cite
@@ -127,9 +233,9 @@ def response(resp):
 
     # resolve all Bing redirections in parallel
     request_list = [
-        Request.get(u, allow_redirects=False, headers=resp.search_params['headers']) for u in url_to_resolve
+        network.Request.get(u, allow_redirects=False, headers=resp.search_params['headers']) for u in url_to_resolve
     ]
-    response_list = multi_requests(request_list)
+    response_list = network.multi_requests(request_list)
     for i, redirect_response in enumerate(response_list):
         if not isinstance(redirect_response, Exception):
             results[url_to_resolve_index[i]]['url'] = redirect_response.headers['location']
@@ -157,27 +263,71 @@ def response(resp):
     return results
 
 
-# get supported languages from their site
+def fetch_traits(engine_traits: EngineTraits):
-def _fetch_supported_languages(resp):
+    """Fetch languages and regions from Bing-Web."""
 
-    lang_tags = set()
+    xpath_market_codes = '//table[1]/tbody/tr/td[3]'
+    # xpath_country_codes = '//table[2]/tbody/tr/td[2]'
+    xpath_language_codes = '//table[3]/tbody/tr/td[2]'
+
+    _fetch_traits(engine_traits, bing_traits_url, xpath_language_codes, xpath_market_codes)
+
+
+def _fetch_traits(engine_traits: EngineTraits, url: str, xpath_language_codes: str, xpath_market_codes: str):
+
+    # insert alias to map from a language (zh) to a language + script (zh_Hans)
+    engine_traits.languages['zh'] = 'zh-hans'
+
+    resp = network.get(url)
+
+    if not resp.ok:
+        print("ERROR: response from peertube is not OK.")
 
     dom = html.fromstring(resp.text)
-    lang_links = eval_xpath(dom, '//div[@id="language-section"]//li')
 
-    for _li in lang_links:
+    map_lang = {'jp': 'ja'}
+    for td in eval_xpath(dom, xpath_language_codes):
+        eng_lang = td.text
 
-        href = eval_xpath(_li, './/@href')[0]
+        if eng_lang in ('en-gb', 'pt-br'):
-        (_scheme, _netloc, _path, _params, query, _fragment) = urlparse(href)
+            # language 'en' is already in the list and a language 'en-gb' can't
-        query = parse_qs(query, keep_blank_values=True)
+            # be handled in SearXNG, same with pt-br which is covered by pt-pt.
+            continue
 
-        # fmt: off
+        babel_lang = map_lang.get(eng_lang, eng_lang).replace('-', '_')
-        setlang = query.get('setlang', [None, ])[0]
+        try:
-        # example: 'mn-Cyrl-MN' --> '['mn', 'Cyrl-MN']
+            sxng_tag = language_tag(babel.Locale.parse(babel_lang))
-        lang, nation = (setlang.split('-', maxsplit=1) + [None,])[:2]  # fmt: skip
+        except babel.UnknownLocaleError:
-        # fmt: on
+            print("ERROR: language (%s) is unknown by babel" % (eng_lang))
+            continue
+        conflict = engine_traits.languages.get(sxng_tag)
+        if conflict:
+            if conflict != eng_lang:
+                print("CONFLICT: babel %s --> %s, %s" % (sxng_tag, conflict, eng_lang))
+            continue
+        engine_traits.languages[sxng_tag] = eng_lang
 
-        tag = lang + '-' + nation if nation else lang
+    map_region = {
-        lang_tags.add(tag)
+        'en-ID': 'id_ID',
+        'no-NO': 'nb_NO',
+    }
 
-    return list(lang_tags)
+    for td in eval_xpath(dom, xpath_market_codes):
+        eng_region = td.text
+        babel_region = map_region.get(eng_region, eng_region).replace('-', '_')
+
+        if eng_region == 'en-WW':
+            engine_traits.all_locale = eng_region
+            continue
+
+        try:
+            sxng_tag = region_tag(babel.Locale.parse(babel_region))
+        except babel.UnknownLocaleError:
+            print("ERROR: region (%s) is unknown by babel" % (eng_region))
+            continue
+        conflict = engine_traits.regions.get(sxng_tag)
+        if conflict:
+            if conflict != eng_region:
+                print("CONFLICT: babel %s --> %s, %s" % (sxng_tag, conflict, eng_region))
+            continue
+        engine_traits.regions[sxng_tag] = eng_region

searx/engines/bing_images.py

@@ -1,20 +1,30 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-or-later
 # lint: pylint
-"""Bing (Images)
+"""Bing-Images: description see :py:obj:`searx.engines.bing`.
-
 """
+# pylint: disable=invalid-name
 
-from json import loads
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+import uuid
+import json
 from urllib.parse import urlencode
 
 from lxml import html
 
-from searx.utils import match_language
+from searx.enginelib.traits import EngineTraits
-from searx.engines.bing import language_aliases
+from searx.engines.bing import (
-from searx.engines.bing import (  # pylint: disable=unused-import
+    set_bing_cookies,
-    _fetch_supported_languages,
+    _fetch_traits,
-    supported_languages_url,
 )
+from searx.engines.bing import send_accept_language_header  # pylint: disable=unused-import
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    import logging
+
+    logger: logging.Logger
+
+traits: EngineTraits
 
 # about
 about = {
@@ -31,77 +41,92 @@ categories = ['images', 'web']
 paging = True
 safesearch = True
 time_range_support = True
-send_accept_language_header = True
-supported_languages_url = 'https://www.bing.com/account/general'
-number_of_results = 28
 
-# search-url
+base_url = 'https://www.bing.com/images/async'
-base_url = 'https://www.bing.com/'
+"""Bing (Images) search URL"""
-search_string = (
+
+bing_traits_url = 'https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/bing/search-apis/bing-image-search/reference/market-codes'
+"""Bing (Images) search API description"""
+
+time_map = {
     # fmt: off
-    'images/search'
+    'day': 60 * 24,
-    '?{query}'
+    'week': 60 * 24 * 7,
-    '&count={count}'
+    'month': 60 * 24 * 31,
-    '&first={first}'
+    'year': 60 * 24 * 365,
-    '&tsc=ImageHoverTitle'
     # fmt: on
-)
+}
-time_range_string = '&qft=+filterui:age-lt{interval}'
-time_range_dict = {'day': '1440', 'week': '10080', 'month': '43200', 'year': '525600'}
-
-# safesearch definitions
-safesearch_types = {2: 'STRICT', 1: 'DEMOTE', 0: 'OFF'}
 
 
-# do search-request
 def request(query, params):
-    offset = ((params['pageno'] - 1) * number_of_results) + 1
+    """Assemble a Bing-Image request."""
 
-    search_path = search_string.format(query=urlencode({'q': query}), count=number_of_results, first=offset)
+    engine_region = traits.get_region(params['searxng_locale'], 'en-US')
+    engine_language = traits.get_language(params['searxng_locale'], 'en')
 
-    language = match_language(params['language'], supported_languages, language_aliases).lower()
+    SID = uuid.uuid1().hex.upper()
+    set_bing_cookies(params, engine_language, engine_region, SID)
 
-    params['cookies']['SRCHHPGUSR'] = 'ADLT=' + safesearch_types.get(params['safesearch'], 'DEMOTE')
+    # build URL query
+    # - example: https://www.bing.com/images/async?q=foo&first=155&count=35
 
-    params['cookies']['_EDGE_S'] = 'mkt=' + language + '&ui=' + language + '&F=1'
+    query_params = {
+        # fmt: off
+        'q': query,
+        'async' : 'content',
+        # to simplify the page count lets use the default of 35 images per page
+        'first' : (int(params.get('pageno', 1)) - 1) * 35 + 1,
+        'count' : 35,
+        # fmt: on
+    }
 
-    params['url'] = base_url + search_path
+    # time range
-    if params['time_range'] in time_range_dict:
+    # - example: one year (525600 minutes) 'qft=+filterui:age-lt525600'
-        params['url'] += time_range_string.format(interval=time_range_dict[params['time_range']])
+
+    if params['time_range']:
+        query_params['qft'] = 'filterui:age-lt%s' % time_map[params['time_range']]
+
+    params['url'] = base_url + '?' + urlencode(query_params)
 
     return params
 
 
-# get response from search-request
 def response(resp):
-    results = []
+    """Get response from Bing-Images"""
 
+    results = []
     dom = html.fromstring(resp.text)
 
-    # parse results
+    for result in dom.xpath('//ul[contains(@class, "dgControl_list")]/li'):
-    for result in dom.xpath('//div[@class="imgpt"]'):
-        img_format = result.xpath('./div[contains(@class, "img_info")]/span/text()')[0]
-        # Microsoft seems to experiment with this code so don't make the path too specific,
-        # just catch the text section for the first anchor in img_info assuming this to be
-        # the originating site.
-        source = result.xpath('./div[contains(@class, "img_info")]//a/text()')[0]
 
-        m = loads(result.xpath('./a/@m')[0])
+        metadata = result.xpath('.//a[@class="iusc"]/@m')
+        if not metadata:
+            continue
 
-        # strip 'Unicode private use area' highlighting, they render to Tux
+        metadata = json.loads(result.xpath('.//a[@class="iusc"]/@m')[0])
-        # the Linux penguin and a standing diamond on my machine...
+        title = ' '.join(result.xpath('.//div[@class="infnmpt"]//a/text()')).strip()
-        title = m.get('t', '').replace('\ue000', '').replace('\ue001', '')
+        img_format = ' '.join(result.xpath('.//div[@class="imgpt"]/div/span/text()')).strip()
+        source = ' '.join(result.xpath('.//div[@class="imgpt"]//div[@class="lnkw"]//a/text()')).strip()
         results.append(
             {
                 'template': 'images.html',
-                'url': m['purl'],
+                'url': metadata['purl'],
-                'thumbnail_src': m['turl'],
+                'thumbnail_src': metadata['turl'],
-                'img_src': m['murl'],
+                'img_src': metadata['murl'],
-                'content': '',
+                'content': metadata['desc'],
                 'title': title,
                 'source': source,
                 'img_format': img_format,
             }
         )
-
     return results
+
+
+def fetch_traits(engine_traits: EngineTraits):
+    """Fetch languages and regions from Bing-News."""
+
+    xpath_market_codes = '//table[1]/tbody/tr/td[3]'
+    # xpath_country_codes = '//table[2]/tbody/tr/td[2]'
+    xpath_language_codes = '//table[3]/tbody/tr/td[2]'
+
+    _fetch_traits(engine_traits, bing_traits_url, xpath_language_codes, xpath_market_codes)

searx/engines/bing_news.py

@@ -1,24 +1,30 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-or-later
 # lint: pylint
-"""Bing (News)
+"""Bing-News: description see :py:obj:`searx.engines.bing`.
 """
 
-from urllib.parse import (
+# pylint: disable=invalid-name
-    urlencode,
+
-    urlparse,
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
-    parse_qsl,
+import uuid
-    quote,
+from urllib.parse import urlencode
-)
+
-from datetime import datetime
+from lxml import html
-from dateutil import parser
+
-from lxml import etree
+from searx.enginelib.traits import EngineTraits
-from lxml.etree import XPath
+from searx.engines.bing import (
-from searx.utils import match_language, eval_xpath_getindex
+    set_bing_cookies,
-from searx.engines.bing import (  # pylint: disable=unused-import
+    _fetch_traits,
-    language_aliases,
-    _fetch_supported_languages,
-    supported_languages_url,
 )
+from searx.engines.bing import send_accept_language_header  # pylint: disable=unused-import
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    import logging
+
+    logger: logging.Logger
+
+traits: EngineTraits
+
 
 # about
 about = {
@@ -34,108 +40,111 @@ about = {
 categories = ['news']
 paging = True
 time_range_support = True
-send_accept_language_header = True
+time_map = {
+    'day': '4',
+    'week': '8',
+    'month': '9',
+}
+"""A string '4' means *last hour*. We use *last hour* for ``day`` here since the
+difference of *last day* and *last week* in the result list is just marginally.
+"""
 
-# search-url
+base_url = 'https://www.bing.com/news/infinitescrollajax'
-base_url = 'https://www.bing.com/'
+"""Bing (News) search URL"""
-search_string = 'news/search?{query}&first={offset}&format=RSS'
-search_string_with_time = 'news/search?{query}&first={offset}&qft=interval%3d"{interval}"&format=RSS'
-time_range_dict = {'day': '7', 'week': '8', 'month': '9'}
 
+bing_traits_url = 'https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/bing/search-apis/bing-news-search/reference/market-codes'
+"""Bing (News) search API description"""
 
-def url_cleanup(url_string):
+mkt_alias = {
-    """remove click"""
+    'zh': 'en-WW',
-
+    'zh-CN': 'en-WW',
-    parsed_url = urlparse(url_string)
+}
-    if parsed_url.netloc == 'www.bing.com' and parsed_url.path == '/news/apiclick.aspx':
+"""Bing News has an official market code 'zh-CN' but we won't get a result with
-        query = dict(parse_qsl(parsed_url.query))
+this market code.  For 'zh' and 'zh-CN' we better use the *Worldwide aggregate*
-        url_string = query.get('url', None)
+market code (en-WW).
-    return url_string
+"""
-
-
-def image_url_cleanup(url_string):
-    """replace the http://*bing.com/th?id=... by https://www.bing.com/th?id=..."""
-
-    parsed_url = urlparse(url_string)
-    if parsed_url.netloc.endswith('bing.com') and parsed_url.path == '/th':
-        query = dict(parse_qsl(parsed_url.query))
-        url_string = "https://www.bing.com/th?id=" + quote(query.get('id'))
-    return url_string
-
-
-def _get_url(query, language, offset, time_range):
-    if time_range in time_range_dict:
-        search_path = search_string_with_time.format(
-            # fmt: off
-            query = urlencode({
-                'q': query,
-                'setmkt': language
-            }),
-            offset = offset,
-            interval = time_range_dict[time_range]
-            # fmt: on
-        )
-    else:
-        # e.g. setmkt=de-de&setlang=de
-        search_path = search_string.format(
-            # fmt: off
-            query = urlencode({
-                'q': query,
-                'setmkt': language
-            }),
-            offset = offset
-            # fmt: on
-        )
-    return base_url + search_path
 
 
 def request(query, params):
+    """Assemble a Bing-News request."""
 
-    if params['time_range'] and params['time_range'] not in time_range_dict:
+    sxng_locale = params['searxng_locale']
-        return params
+    engine_region = traits.get_region(mkt_alias.get(sxng_locale, sxng_locale), traits.all_locale)
+    engine_language = traits.get_language(sxng_locale, 'en')
 
-    offset = (params['pageno'] - 1) * 10 + 1
+    SID = uuid.uuid1().hex.upper()
-    if params['language'] == 'all':
+    set_bing_cookies(params, engine_language, engine_region, SID)
-        language = 'en-US'
+
-    else:
+    # build URL query
-        language = match_language(params['language'], supported_languages, language_aliases)
+    #
-    params['url'] = _get_url(query, language, offset, params['time_range'])
+    # example: https://www.bing.com/news/infinitescrollajax?q=london&first=1
+
+    query_params = {
+        # fmt: off
+        'q': query,
+        'InfiniteScroll': 1,
+        # to simplify the page count lets use the default of 10 images per page
+        'first' : (int(params.get('pageno', 1)) - 1) * 10 + 1,
+        # fmt: on
+    }
+
+    if params['time_range']:
+        # qft=interval:"7"
+        query_params['qft'] = 'qft=interval="%s"' % time_map.get(params['time_range'], '9')
+
+    params['url'] = base_url + '?' + urlencode(query_params)
 
     return params
 
 
 def response(resp):
-
+    """Get response from Bing-Video"""
     results = []
-    rss = etree.fromstring(resp.content)
-    namespaces = rss.nsmap
 
-    for item in rss.xpath('./channel/item'):
+    if not resp.ok or not resp.text:
-        # url / title / content
+        return results
-        url = url_cleanup(eval_xpath_getindex(item, './link/text()', 0, default=None))
-        title = eval_xpath_getindex(item, './title/text()', 0, default=url)
-        content = eval_xpath_getindex(item, './description/text()', 0, default='')
 
-        # publishedDate
+    dom = html.fromstring(resp.text)
-        publishedDate = eval_xpath_getindex(item, './pubDate/text()', 0, default=None)
-        try:
-            publishedDate = parser.parse(publishedDate, dayfirst=False)
-        except TypeError:
-            publishedDate = datetime.now()
-        except ValueError:
-            publishedDate = datetime.now()
 
-        # thumbnail
+    for newsitem in dom.xpath('//div[contains(@class, "newsitem")]'):
-        thumbnail = eval_xpath_getindex(item, XPath('./News:Image/text()', namespaces=namespaces), 0, default=None)
+
-        if thumbnail is not None:
+        url = newsitem.xpath('./@url')[0]
-            thumbnail = image_url_cleanup(thumbnail)
+        title = ' '.join(newsitem.xpath('.//div[@class="caption"]//a[@class="title"]/text()')).strip()
+        content = ' '.join(newsitem.xpath('.//div[@class="snippet"]/text()')).strip()
+        thumbnail = None
+        author = newsitem.xpath('./@data-author')[0]
+        metadata = ' '.join(newsitem.xpath('.//div[@class="source"]/span/text()')).strip()
+
+        img_src = newsitem.xpath('.//a[@class="imagelink"]//img/@src')
+        if img_src:
+            thumbnail = 'https://www.bing.com/' + img_src[0]
 
-        # append result
-        if thumbnail is not None:
         results.append(
-                {'url': url, 'title': title, 'publishedDate': publishedDate, 'content': content, 'img_src': thumbnail}
+            {
+                'url': url,
+                'title': title,
+                'content': content,
+                'img_src': thumbnail,
+                'author': author,
+                'metadata': metadata,
+            }
         )
-        else:
-            results.append({'url': url, 'title': title, 'publishedDate': publishedDate, 'content': content})
 
     return results
+
+
+def fetch_traits(engine_traits: EngineTraits):
+    """Fetch languages and regions from Bing-News.
+
+    The :py:obj:`description <searx.engines.bing_news.bing_traits_url>` of the
+    first table says *"query parameter when calling the Video Search API."*
+    .. thats why I use the 4. table "News Category API markets" for the
+    ``xpath_market_codes``.
+
+    """
+
+    xpath_market_codes = '//table[4]/tbody/tr/td[3]'
+    # xpath_country_codes = '//table[2]/tbody/tr/td[2]'
+    xpath_language_codes = '//table[3]/tbody/tr/td[2]'
+
+    _fetch_traits(engine_traits, bing_traits_url, xpath_language_codes, xpath_market_codes)

searx/engines/bing_videos.py

@@ -1,21 +1,30 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-or-later
 # lint: pylint
-"""Bing (Videos)
+"""Bing-Videos: description see :py:obj:`searx.engines.bing`.
-
 """
+# pylint: disable=invalid-name
 
-from json import loads
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+import uuid
+import json
 from urllib.parse import urlencode
 
 from lxml import html
 
-from searx.utils import match_language
+from searx.enginelib.traits import EngineTraits
-from searx.engines.bing import language_aliases
+from searx.engines.bing import (
-
+    set_bing_cookies,
-from searx.engines.bing import (  # pylint: disable=unused-import
+    _fetch_traits,
-    _fetch_supported_languages,
-    supported_languages_url,
 )
+from searx.engines.bing import send_accept_language_header  # pylint: disable=unused-import
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    import logging
+
+    logger: logging.Logger
+
+traits: EngineTraits
+
 
 about = {
     "website": 'https://www.bing.com/videos',
@@ -26,65 +35,76 @@ about = {
     "results": 'HTML',
 }
 
+# engine dependent config
 categories = ['videos', 'web']
 paging = True
 safesearch = True
 time_range_support = True
-send_accept_language_header = True
-number_of_results = 28
 
-base_url = 'https://www.bing.com/'
+base_url = 'https://www.bing.com/videos/asyncv2'
-search_string = (
+"""Bing (Videos) async search URL."""
+
+bing_traits_url = 'https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/bing/search-apis/bing-video-search/reference/market-codes'
+"""Bing (Video) search API description"""
+
+time_map = {
     # fmt: off
-    'videos/search'
+    'day': 60 * 24,
-    '?{query}'
+    'week': 60 * 24 * 7,
-    '&count={count}'
+    'month': 60 * 24 * 31,
-    '&first={first}'
+    'year': 60 * 24 * 365,
-    '&scope=video'
-    '&FORM=QBLH'
     # fmt: on
-)
+}
-time_range_string = '&qft=+filterui:videoage-lt{interval}'
-time_range_dict = {'day': '1440', 'week': '10080', 'month': '43200', 'year': '525600'}
-
-# safesearch definitions
-safesearch_types = {2: 'STRICT', 1: 'DEMOTE', 0: 'OFF'}
 
 
-# do search-request
 def request(query, params):
-    offset = ((params['pageno'] - 1) * number_of_results) + 1
+    """Assemble a Bing-Video request."""
 
-    search_path = search_string.format(query=urlencode({'q': query}), count=number_of_results, first=offset)
+    engine_region = traits.get_region(params['searxng_locale'], 'en-US')
+    engine_language = traits.get_language(params['searxng_locale'], 'en')
 
-    # safesearch cookie
+    SID = uuid.uuid1().hex.upper()
-    params['cookies']['SRCHHPGUSR'] = 'ADLT=' + safesearch_types.get(params['safesearch'], 'DEMOTE')
+    set_bing_cookies(params, engine_language, engine_region, SID)
 
-    # language cookie
+    # build URL query
-    language = match_language(params['language'], supported_languages, language_aliases).lower()
+    #
-    params['cookies']['_EDGE_S'] = 'mkt=' + language + '&F=1'
+    # example: https://www.bing.com/videos/asyncv2?q=foo&async=content&first=1&count=35
 
-    # query and paging
+    query_params = {
-    params['url'] = base_url + search_path
+        # fmt: off
+        'q': query,
+        'async' : 'content',
+        # to simplify the page count lets use the default of 35 images per page
+        'first' : (int(params.get('pageno', 1)) - 1) * 35 + 1,
+        'count' : 35,
+        # fmt: on
+    }
 
     # time range
-    if params['time_range'] in time_range_dict:
+    #
-        params['url'] += time_range_string.format(interval=time_range_dict[params['time_range']])
+    # example: one week (10080 minutes) '&qft= filterui:videoage-lt10080'  '&form=VRFLTR'
+
+    if params['time_range']:
+        query_params['form'] = 'VRFLTR'
+        query_params['qft'] = ' filterui:videoage-lt%s' % time_map[params['time_range']]
+
+    params['url'] = base_url + '?' + urlencode(query_params)
 
     return params
 
 
-# get response from search-request
 def response(resp):
+    """Get response from Bing-Video"""
     results = []
 
     dom = html.fromstring(resp.text)
 
-    for result in dom.xpath('//div[@class="dg_u"]/div[contains(@class, "mc_vtvc")]'):
+    for result in dom.xpath('//div[@class="dg_u"]//div[contains(@id, "mc_vtvc_video")]'):
-        metadata = loads(result.xpath('.//div[@class="vrhdata"]/@vrhm')[0])
+        metadata = json.loads(result.xpath('.//div[@class="vrhdata"]/@vrhm')[0])
         info = ' - '.join(result.xpath('.//div[@class="mc_vtvc_meta_block"]//span/text()')).strip()
         content = '{0} - {1}'.format(metadata['du'], info)
-        thumbnail = '{0}th?id={1}'.format(base_url, metadata['thid'])
+        thumbnail = result.xpath('.//div[contains(@class, "mc_vtvc_th")]//img/@src')[0]
+
         results.append(
             {
                 'url': metadata['murl'],
@@ -96,3 +116,13 @@ def response(resp):
         )
 
     return results
+
+
+def fetch_traits(engine_traits: EngineTraits):
+    """Fetch languages and regions from Bing-Videos."""
+
+    xpath_market_codes = '//table[1]/tbody/tr/td[3]'
+    # xpath_country_codes = '//table[2]/tbody/tr/td[2]'
+    xpath_language_codes = '//table[3]/tbody/tr/td[2]'
+
+    _fetch_traits(engine_traits, bing_traits_url, xpath_language_codes, xpath_market_codes)

searx/engines/dailymotion.py

@@ -1,17 +1,35 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-or-later
-"""Dailymotion (Videos)
+# lint: pylint
+"""
+Dailymotion (Videos)
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+.. _REST GET: https://developers.dailymotion.com/tools/
+.. _Global API Parameters: https://developers.dailymotion.com/api/#global-parameters
+.. _Video filters API: https://developers.dailymotion.com/api/#video-filters
+.. _Fields selection: https://developers.dailymotion.com/api/#fields-selection
 
 """
 
-from typing import Set
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+
 from datetime import datetime, timedelta
 from urllib.parse import urlencode
 import time
 import babel
 
 from searx.exceptions import SearxEngineAPIException
-from searx.network import raise_for_httperror
+from searx import network
 from searx.utils import html_to_text
+from searx.locales import region_tag, language_tag
+from searx.enginelib.traits import EngineTraits
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    import logging
+
+    logger: logging.Logger
+
+traits: EngineTraits
 
 # about
 about = {
@@ -37,11 +55,24 @@ time_delta_dict = {
 }
 
 safesearch = True
-safesearch_params = {2: '&is_created_for_kids=true', 1: '&is_created_for_kids=true', 0: ''}
+safesearch_params = {
+    2: {'is_created_for_kids': 'true'},
+    1: {'is_created_for_kids': 'true'},
+    0: {},
+}
+"""True if this video is "Created for Kids" / intends to target an audience
+under the age of 16 (``is_created_for_kids`` in `Video filters API`_ )
+"""
 
-# search-url
+family_filter_map = {
-# - https://developers.dailymotion.com/tools/
+    2: 'true',
-# - https://www.dailymotion.com/doc/api/obj-video.html
+    1: 'true',
+    0: 'false',
+}
+"""By default, the family filter is turned on. Setting this parameter to
+``false`` will stop filtering-out explicit content from searches and global
+contexts (``family_filter`` in `Global API Parameters`_ ).
+"""
 
 result_fields = [
     'allow_embed',
@@ -53,27 +84,21 @@ result_fields = [
     'thumbnail_360_url',
     'id',
 ]
-search_url = (
+"""`Fields selection`_, by default, a few fields are returned. To request more
-    'https://api.dailymotion.com/videos?'
+specific fields, the ``fields`` parameter is used with the list of fields
-    'fields={fields}&password_protected={password_protected}&private={private}&sort={sort}&limit={limit}'
+SearXNG needs in the response to build a video result list.
-).format(
+"""
-    fields=','.join(result_fields),
+
-    password_protected='false',
+search_url = 'https://api.dailymotion.com/videos?'
-    private='false',
+"""URL to retrieve a list of videos.
-    sort='relevance',
+
-    limit=number_of_results,
+- `REST GET`_
-)
+- `Global API Parameters`_
+- `Video filters API`_
+"""
+
 iframe_src = "https://www.dailymotion.com/embed/video/{video_id}"
-
+"""URL template to embed video in SearXNG's result list."""
-# The request query filters by 'languages' & 'country', therefore instead of
-# fetching only languages we need to fetch locales.
-supported_languages_url = 'https://api.dailymotion.com/locales'
-supported_languages_iso639: Set[str] = set()
-
-
-def init(_engine_settings):
-    global supported_languages_iso639
-    supported_languages_iso639 = set([language.split('_')[0] for language in supported_languages])
 
 
 def request(query, params):
@@ -81,34 +106,42 @@ def request(query, params):
     if not query:
         return False
 
-    language = params['language']
+    eng_region = traits.get_region(params['searxng_locale'], 'en_US')
-    if language == 'all':
+    eng_lang = traits.get_language(params['searxng_locale'], 'en')
-        language = 'en-US'
-    locale = babel.Locale.parse(language, sep='-')
 
-    language_iso639 = locale.language
+    args = {
-    if locale.language not in supported_languages_iso639:
-        language_iso639 = 'en'
-
-    query_args = {
         'search': query,
-        'languages': language_iso639,
+        'family_filter': family_filter_map.get(params['safesearch'], 'false'),
+        'thumbnail_ratio': 'original',  # original|widescreen|square
+        # https://developers.dailymotion.com/api/#video-filters
+        'languages': eng_lang,
         'page': params['pageno'],
+        'password_protected': 'false',
+        'private': 'false',
+        'sort': 'relevance',
+        'limit': number_of_results,
+        'fields': ','.join(result_fields),
     }
 
-    if locale.territory:
+    args.update(safesearch_params.get(params['safesearch'], {}))
-        localization = locale.language + '_' + locale.territory
+
-        if localization in supported_languages:
+    # Don't add localization and country arguments if the user does select a
-            query_args['country'] = locale.territory
+    # language (:de, :en, ..)
+
+    if len(params['searxng_locale'].split('-')) > 1:
+        # https://developers.dailymotion.com/api/#global-parameters
+        args['localization'] = eng_region
+        args['country'] = eng_region.split('_')[1]
+        # Insufficient rights for the `ams_country' parameter of route `GET /videos'
+        # 'ams_country': eng_region.split('_')[1],
 
     time_delta = time_delta_dict.get(params["time_range"])
     if time_delta:
         created_after = datetime.now() - time_delta
-        query_args['created_after'] = datetime.timestamp(created_after)
+        args['created_after'] = datetime.timestamp(created_after)
 
-    query_str = urlencode(query_args)
+    query_str = urlencode(args)
-    params['url'] = search_url + '&' + query_str + safesearch_params.get(params['safesearch'], '')
+    params['url'] = search_url + query_str
-    params['raise_for_httperror'] = False
 
     return params
 
@@ -123,7 +156,7 @@ def response(resp):
     if 'error' in search_res:
         raise SearxEngineAPIException(search_res['error'].get('message'))
 
-    raise_for_httperror(resp)
+    network.raise_for_httperror(resp)
 
     # parse results
     for res in search_res.get('list', []):
@@ -167,7 +200,53 @@ def response(resp):
     return results
 
 
-# get supported languages from their site
+def fetch_traits(engine_traits: EngineTraits):
-def _fetch_supported_languages(resp):
+    """Fetch locales & languages from dailymotion.
-    response_json = resp.json()
+
-    return [item['locale'] for item in response_json['list']]
+    Locales fetched from `api/locales <https://api.dailymotion.com/locales>`_.
+    There are duplications in the locale codes returned from Dailymotion which
+    can be ignored::
+
+      en_EN --> en_GB, en_US
+      ar_AA --> ar_EG, ar_AE, ar_SA
+
+    The language list `api/languages <https://api.dailymotion.com/languages>`_
+    contains over 7000 *languages* codes (see PR1071_).  We use only those
+    language codes that are used in the locales.
+
+    .. _PR1071: https://github.com/searxng/searxng/pull/1071
+
+    """
+
+    resp = network.get('https://api.dailymotion.com/locales')
+    if not resp.ok:
+        print("ERROR: response from dailymotion/locales is not OK.")
+
+    for item in resp.json()['list']:
+        eng_tag = item['locale']
+        if eng_tag in ('en_EN', 'ar_AA'):
+            continue
+        try:
+            sxng_tag = region_tag(babel.Locale.parse(eng_tag))
+        except babel.UnknownLocaleError:
+            print("ERROR: item unknown --> %s" % item)
+            continue
+
+        conflict = engine_traits.regions.get(sxng_tag)
+        if conflict:
+            if conflict != eng_tag:
+                print("CONFLICT: babel %s --> %s, %s" % (sxng_tag, conflict, eng_tag))
+            continue
+        engine_traits.regions[sxng_tag] = eng_tag
+
+    locale_lang_list = [x.split('_')[0] for x in engine_traits.regions.values()]
+
+    resp = network.get('https://api.dailymotion.com/languages')
+    if not resp.ok:
+        print("ERROR: response from dailymotion/languages is not OK.")
+
+    for item in resp.json()['list']:
+        eng_tag = item['code']
+        if eng_tag in locale_lang_list:
+            sxng_tag = language_tag(babel.Locale.parse(eng_tag))
+            engine_traits.languages[sxng_tag] = eng_tag

searx/engines/demo_offline.py

@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ def search(query, request_params):
     for row in result_list:
         entry = {
             'query': query,
-            'language': request_params['language'],
+            'language': request_params['searxng_locale'],
             'value': row.get("value"),
             # choose a result template or comment out to use the *default*
             'template': 'key-value.html',

searx/engines/duckduckgo.py

@@ -1,71 +1,207 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-or-later
 # lint: pylint
-"""DuckDuckGo Lite
+"""
+DuckDuckGo Lite
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 """
 
-from json import loads
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
-
+from urllib.parse import urlencode
-from lxml.html import fromstring
+import json
+import babel
+import lxml.html
 
+from searx import (
+    network,
+    locales,
+    redislib,
+)
+from searx import redisdb
 from searx.utils import (
-    dict_subset,
     eval_xpath,
     eval_xpath_getindex,
     extract_text,
-    match_language,
 )
-from searx.network import get
+from searx.enginelib.traits import EngineTraits
+from searx.exceptions import SearxEngineAPIException
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    import logging
+
+    logger: logging.Logger
+
+traits: EngineTraits
 
-# about
 about = {
     "website": 'https://lite.duckduckgo.com/lite/',
     "wikidata_id": 'Q12805',
-    "official_api_documentation": 'https://duckduckgo.com/api',
     "use_official_api": False,
     "require_api_key": False,
     "results": 'HTML',
 }
 
+send_accept_language_header = True
+"""DuckDuckGo-Lite tries to guess user's prefered language from the HTTP
+``Accept-Language``.  Optional the user can select a region filter (but not a
+language).
+"""
+
 # engine dependent config
 categories = ['general', 'web']
 paging = True
-supported_languages_url = 'https://duckduckgo.com/util/u588.js'
 time_range_support = True
-send_accept_language_header = True
+safesearch = True  # user can't select but the results are filtered
 
-language_aliases = {
+url = 'https://lite.duckduckgo.com/lite/'
-    'ar-SA': 'ar-XA',
+# url_ping = 'https://duckduckgo.com/t/sl_l'
-    'es-419': 'es-XL',
-    'ja': 'jp-JP',
-    'ko': 'kr-KR',
-    'sl-SI': 'sl-SL',
-    'zh-TW': 'tzh-TW',
-    'zh-HK': 'tzh-HK',
-}
 
 time_range_dict = {'day': 'd', 'week': 'w', 'month': 'm', 'year': 'y'}
+form_data = {'v': 'l', 'api': 'd.js', 'o': 'json'}
 
-# search-url
-url = 'https://lite.duckduckgo.com/lite/'
-url_ping = 'https://duckduckgo.com/t/sl_l'
 
-# match query's language to a region code that duckduckgo will accept
+def cache_vqd(query, value):
-def get_region_code(lang, lang_list=None):
+    """Caches a ``vqd`` value from a query.
-    if lang == 'all':
-        return None
 
-    lang_code = match_language(lang, lang_list or [], language_aliases, 'wt-WT')
+    The vqd value depends on the query string and is needed for the follow up
-    lang_parts = lang_code.split('-')
+    pages or the images loaded by a XMLHttpRequest:
 
-    # country code goes first
+    - DuckDuckGo Web: `https://links.duckduckgo.com/d.js?q=...&vqd=...`
-    return lang_parts[1].lower() + '-' + lang_parts[0].lower()
+    - DuckDuckGo Images: `https://duckduckgo.com/i.js??q=...&vqd=...`
+
+    """
+    c = redisdb.client()
+    if c:
+        logger.debug("cache vqd value: %s", value)
+        key = 'SearXNG_ddg_vqd' + redislib.secret_hash(query)
+        c.set(key, value, ex=600)
+
+
+def get_vqd(query, headers):
+    """Returns the ``vqd`` that fits to the *query*.  If there is no ``vqd`` cached
+    (:py:obj:`cache_vqd`) the query is sent to DDG to get a vqd value from the
+    response.
+
+    """
+    value = None
+    c = redisdb.client()
+    if c:
+        key = 'SearXNG_ddg_vqd' + redislib.secret_hash(query)
+        value = c.get(key)
+        if value:
+            value = value.decode('utf-8')
+            logger.debug("re-use cached vqd value: %s", value)
+            return value
+
+    query_url = 'https://duckduckgo.com/?{query}&iar=images'.format(query=urlencode({'q': query}))
+    res = network.get(query_url, headers=headers)
+    content = res.text
+    if content.find('vqd=\'') == -1:
+        raise SearxEngineAPIException('Request failed')
+    value = content[content.find('vqd=\'') + 5 :]
+    value = value[: value.find('\'')]
+    logger.debug("new vqd value: %s", value)
+    cache_vqd(query, value)
+    return value
+
+
+def get_ddg_lang(eng_traits: EngineTraits, sxng_locale, default='en_US'):
+    """Get DuckDuckGo's language identifier from SearXNG's locale.
+
+    DuckDuckGo defines its lanaguages by region codes (see
+    :py:obj:`fetch_traits`).
+
+    To get region and language of a DDG service use:
+
+    .. code: python
+
+       eng_region = traits.get_region(params['searxng_locale'], traits.all_locale)
+       eng_lang = get_ddg_lang(traits, params['searxng_locale'])
+
+    It might confuse, but the ``l`` value of the cookie is what SearXNG calls
+    the *region*:
+
+    .. code:: python
+
+        # !ddi paris :es-AR --> {'ad': 'es_AR', 'ah': 'ar-es', 'l': 'ar-es'}
+        params['cookies']['ad'] = eng_lang
+        params['cookies']['ah'] = eng_region
+        params['cookies']['l'] = eng_region
+
+    .. hint::
+
+       `DDG-lite <https://lite.duckduckgo.com/lite>`__ does not offer a language
+       selection to the user, only a region can be selected by the user
+       (``eng_region`` from the example above).  DDG-lite stores the selected
+       region in a cookie::
+
+         params['cookies']['kl'] = eng_region  # 'ar-es'
+
+    """
+    return eng_traits.custom['lang_region'].get(sxng_locale, eng_traits.get_language(sxng_locale, default))
+
+
+ddg_reg_map = {
+    'tw-tzh': 'zh_TW',
+    'hk-tzh': 'zh_HK',
+    'ct-ca': 'skip',  # ct-ca and es-ca both map to ca_ES
+    'es-ca': 'ca_ES',
+    'id-en': 'id_ID',
+    'no-no': 'nb_NO',
+    'jp-jp': 'ja_JP',
+    'kr-kr': 'ko_KR',
+    'xa-ar': 'ar_SA',
+    'sl-sl': 'sl_SI',
+    'th-en': 'th_TH',
+    'vn-en': 'vi_VN',
+}
+
+ddg_lang_map = {
+    # use ar --> ar_EG (Egypt's arabic)
+    "ar_DZ": 'lang_region',
+    "ar_JO": 'lang_region',
+    "ar_SA": 'lang_region',
+    # use bn --> bn_BD
+    'bn_IN': 'lang_region',
+    # use de --> de_DE
+    'de_CH': 'lang_region',
+    # use en --> en_US,
+    'en_AU': 'lang_region',
+    'en_CA': 'lang_region',
+    'en_GB': 'lang_region',
+    # Esperanto
+    'eo_XX': 'eo',
+    # use es --> es_ES,
+    'es_AR': 'lang_region',
+    'es_CL': 'lang_region',
+    'es_CO': 'lang_region',
+    'es_CR': 'lang_region',
+    'es_EC': 'lang_region',
+    'es_MX': 'lang_region',
+    'es_PE': 'lang_region',
+    'es_UY': 'lang_region',
+    'es_VE': 'lang_region',
+    # use fr --> rf_FR
+    'fr_CA': 'lang_region',
+    'fr_CH': 'lang_region',
+    'fr_BE': 'lang_region',
+    # use nl --> nl_NL
+    'nl_BE': 'lang_region',
+    # use pt --> pt_PT
+    'pt_BR': 'lang_region',
+    # skip these languages
+    'od_IN': 'skip',
+    'io_XX': 'skip',
+    'tokipona_XX': 'skip',
+}
 
 
 def request(query, params):
 
+    eng_region = traits.get_region(params['searxng_locale'], traits.all_locale)
+    # eng_lang = get_ddg_lang(traits, params['searxng_locale'])
+
     params['url'] = url
     params['method'] = 'POST'
-
     params['data']['q'] = query
 
     # The API is not documented, so we do some reverse engineering and emulate
@@ -88,23 +224,19 @@ def request(query, params):
         params['data']['s'] = offset
         params['data']['dc'] = offset + 1
 
+    # request needs a vqd argument
+    params['data']['vqd'] = get_vqd(query, params["headers"])
+
     # initial page does not have additional data in the input form
     if params['pageno'] > 1:
-        # request the second page (and more pages) needs 'o' and 'api' arguments
-        params['data']['o'] = 'json'
-        params['data']['api'] = 'd.js'
 
-    # initial page does not have additional data in the input form
+        params['data']['o'] = form_data.get('o', 'json')
-    if params['pageno'] > 2:
+        params['data']['api'] = form_data.get('api', 'd.js')
-        # request the third page (and more pages) some more arguments
+        params['data']['nextParams'] = form_data.get('nextParams', '')
-        params['data']['nextParams'] = ''
+        params['data']['v'] = form_data.get('v', 'l')
-        params['data']['v'] = ''
-        params['data']['vqd'] = ''
 
-    region_code = get_region_code(params['language'], supported_languages)
+    params['data']['kl'] = eng_region
-    if region_code:
+    params['cookies']['kl'] = eng_region
-        params['data']['kl'] = region_code
-        params['cookies']['kl'] = region_code
 
     params['data']['df'] = ''
     if params['time_range'] in time_range_dict:
@@ -116,26 +248,40 @@ def request(query, params):
     return params
 
 
-# get response from search-request
 def response(resp):
 
-    headers_ping = dict_subset(resp.request.headers, ['User-Agent', 'Accept-Encoding', 'Accept', 'Cookie'])
-    get(url_ping, headers=headers_ping)
-
     if resp.status_code == 303:
         return []
 
     results = []
-    doc = fromstring(resp.text)
+    doc = lxml.html.fromstring(resp.text)
 
     result_table = eval_xpath(doc, '//html/body/form/div[@class="filters"]/table')
-    if not len(result_table) >= 3:
+
+    if len(result_table) == 2:
+        # some locales (at least China) does not have a "next page" button and
+        # the layout of the HTML tables is different.
+        result_table = result_table[1]
+    elif not len(result_table) >= 3:
         # no more results
         return []
+    else:
         result_table = result_table[2]
+        # update form data from response
+        form = eval_xpath(doc, '//html/body/form/div[@class="filters"]/table//input/..')
+        if len(form):
+
+            form = form[0]
+            form_data['v'] = eval_xpath(form, '//input[@name="v"]/@value')[0]
+            form_data['api'] = eval_xpath(form, '//input[@name="api"]/@value')[0]
+            form_data['o'] = eval_xpath(form, '//input[@name="o"]/@value')[0]
+            logger.debug('form_data: %s', form_data)
+
+            value = eval_xpath(form, '//input[@name="vqd"]/@value')[0]
+            query = resp.search_params['data']['q']
+            cache_vqd(query, value)
 
     tr_rows = eval_xpath(result_table, './/tr')
-
     # In the last <tr> is the form of the 'previous/next page' links
     tr_rows = tr_rows[:-1]
 
@@ -172,15 +318,105 @@ def response(resp):
     return results
 
 
-# get supported languages from their site
+def fetch_traits(engine_traits: EngineTraits):
-def _fetch_supported_languages(resp):
+    """Fetch languages & regions from DuckDuckGo.
 
-    # response is a js file with regions as an embedded object
+    SearXNG's ``all`` locale maps DuckDuckGo's "Alle regions" (``wt-wt``).
-    response_page = resp.text
+    DuckDuckGo's language "Browsers prefered language" (``wt_WT``) makes no
-    response_page = response_page[response_page.find('regions:{') + 8 :]
+    sense in a SearXNG request since SearXNG's ``all`` will not add a
-    response_page = response_page[: response_page.find('}') + 1]
+    ``Accept-Language`` HTTP header.  The value in ``engine_traits.all_locale``
+    is ``wt-wt`` (the region).
 
-    regions_json = loads(response_page)
+    Beside regions DuckDuckGo also defines its lanaguages by region codes.  By
-    supported_languages = map((lambda x: x[3:] + '-' + x[:2].upper()), regions_json.keys())
+    example these are the english languages in DuckDuckGo:
 
-    return list(supported_languages)
+    - en_US
+    - en_AU
+    - en_CA
+    - en_GB
+
+    The function :py:obj:`get_ddg_lang` evaluates DuckDuckGo's language from
+    SearXNG's locale.
+
+    """
+    # pylint: disable=too-many-branches, too-many-statements
+    # fetch regions
+
+    engine_traits.all_locale = 'wt-wt'
+
+    # updated from u588 to u661 / should be updated automatically?
+    resp = network.get('https://duckduckgo.com/util/u661.js')
+
+    if not resp.ok:
+        print("ERROR: response from DuckDuckGo is not OK.")
+
+    pos = resp.text.find('regions:{') + 8
+    js_code = resp.text[pos:]
+    pos = js_code.find('}') + 1
+    regions = json.loads(js_code[:pos])
+
+    for eng_tag, name in regions.items():
+
+        if eng_tag == 'wt-wt':
+            engine_traits.all_locale = 'wt-wt'
+            continue
+
+        region = ddg_reg_map.get(eng_tag)
+        if region == 'skip':
+            continue
+
+        if not region:
+            eng_territory, eng_lang = eng_tag.split('-')
+            region = eng_lang + '_' + eng_territory.upper()
+
+        try:
+            sxng_tag = locales.region_tag(babel.Locale.parse(region))
+        except babel.UnknownLocaleError:
+            print("ERROR: %s (%s) -> %s is unknown by babel" % (name, eng_tag, region))
+            continue
+
+        conflict = engine_traits.regions.get(sxng_tag)
+        if conflict:
+            if conflict != eng_tag:
+                print("CONFLICT: babel %s --> %s, %s" % (sxng_tag, conflict, eng_tag))
+            continue
+        engine_traits.regions[sxng_tag] = eng_tag
+
+    # fetch languages
+
+    engine_traits.custom['lang_region'] = {}
+
+    pos = resp.text.find('languages:{') + 10
+    js_code = resp.text[pos:]
+    pos = js_code.find('}') + 1
+    js_code = '{"' + js_code[1:pos].replace(':', '":').replace(',', ',"')
+    languages = json.loads(js_code)
+
+    for eng_lang, name in languages.items():
+
+        if eng_lang == 'wt_WT':
+            continue
+
+        babel_tag = ddg_lang_map.get(eng_lang, eng_lang)
+        if babel_tag == 'skip':
+            continue
+
+        try:
+
+            if babel_tag == 'lang_region':
+                sxng_tag = locales.region_tag(babel.Locale.parse(eng_lang))
+                engine_traits.custom['lang_region'][sxng_tag] = eng_lang
+                continue
+
+            sxng_tag = locales.language_tag(babel.Locale.parse(babel_tag))
+
+        except babel.UnknownLocaleError:
+            print("ERROR: language %s (%s) is unknown by babel" % (name, eng_lang))
+            continue
+
+        conflict = engine_traits.languages.get(sxng_tag)
+        if conflict:
+            if conflict != eng_lang:
+                print("CONFLICT: babel %s --> %s, %s" % (sxng_tag, conflict, eng_lang))
+            continue
+        engine_traits.languages[sxng_tag] = eng_lang

searx/engines/duckduckgo_definitions.py

@@ -1,22 +1,33 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-or-later
 # lint: pylint
-"""DuckDuckGo (Instant Answer API)
+"""
+DuckDuckGo Instant Answer API
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+The `DDG-API <https://duckduckgo.com/api>`__ is no longer documented but from
+reverse engineering we can see that some services (e.g. instant answers) still
+in use from the DDG search engine.
+
+As far we can say the *instant answers* API does not support languages, or at
+least we could not find out how language support should work.  It seems that
+most of the features are based on English terms.
 
 """
 
-import json
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+
 from urllib.parse import urlencode, urlparse, urljoin
 from lxml import html
 
 from searx.data import WIKIDATA_UNITS
-from searx.engines.duckduckgo import language_aliases
+from searx.utils import extract_text, html_to_text, get_string_replaces_function
-from searx.engines.duckduckgo import (  # pylint: disable=unused-import
-    _fetch_supported_languages,
-    supported_languages_url,
-)
-from searx.utils import extract_text, html_to_text, match_language, get_string_replaces_function
 from searx.external_urls import get_external_url, get_earth_coordinates_url, area_to_osm_zoom
 
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    import logging
+
+    logger: logging.Logger
+
 # about
 about = {
     "website": 'https://duckduckgo.com/',
@@ -37,7 +48,7 @@ replace_http_by_https = get_string_replaces_function({'http:': 'https:'})
 
 
 def is_broken_text(text):
-    """duckduckgo may return something like "<a href="xxxx">http://somewhere Related website<a/>"
+    """duckduckgo may return something like ``<a href="xxxx">http://somewhere Related website<a/>``
 
     The href URL is broken, the "Related website" may contains some HTML.
 
@@ -62,8 +73,6 @@ def result_to_text(text, htmlResult):
 
 def request(query, params):
     params['url'] = URL.format(query=urlencode({'q': query}))
-    language = match_language(params['language'], supported_languages, language_aliases)
-    language = language.split('-')[0]
     return params
 
 
@@ -71,7 +80,7 @@ def response(resp):
     # pylint: disable=too-many-locals, too-many-branches, too-many-statements
     results = []
 
-    search_res = json.loads(resp.text)
+    search_res = resp.json()
 
     # search_res.get('Entity') possible values (not exhaustive) :
     # * continent / country / department / location / waterfall
@@ -235,7 +244,7 @@ def unit_to_str(unit):
 
 
 def area_to_str(area):
-    """parse {'unit': 'http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q712226', 'amount': '+20.99'}"""
+    """parse ``{'unit': 'https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q712226', 'amount': '+20.99'}``"""
     unit = unit_to_str(area.get('unit'))
     if unit is not None:
         try:

searx/engines/duckduckgo_images.py

@@ -1,26 +1,30 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-or-later
 """
- DuckDuckGo (Images)
+DuckDuckGo Images
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 """
 
-from json import loads
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
 from urllib.parse import urlencode
-from searx.exceptions import SearxEngineAPIException
+
-from searx.engines.duckduckgo import get_region_code
+from searx.engines.duckduckgo import fetch_traits  # pylint: disable=unused-import
-from searx.engines.duckduckgo import (  # pylint: disable=unused-import
+from searx.engines.duckduckgo import (
-    _fetch_supported_languages,
+    get_ddg_lang,
-    supported_languages_url,
+    get_vqd,
 )
-from searx.network import get
+from searx.enginelib.traits import EngineTraits
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    import logging
+
+    logger: logging.Logger
+
+traits: EngineTraits
 
 # about
 about = {
     "website": 'https://duckduckgo.com/',
     "wikidata_id": 'Q12805',
-    "official_api_documentation": {
-        'url': 'https://duckduckgo.com/api',
-        'comment': 'but images are not supported',
-    },
     "use_official_api": False,
     "require_api_key": False,
     "results": 'JSON (site requires js to get images)',
@@ -32,70 +36,64 @@ paging = True
 safesearch = True
 send_accept_language_header = True
 
-# search-url
+safesearch_cookies = {0: '-2', 1: None, 2: '1'}
-images_url = 'https://duckduckgo.com/i.js?{query}&s={offset}&p={safesearch}&o=json&vqd={vqd}'
+safesearch_args = {0: '1', 1: None, 2: '1'}
-site_url = 'https://duckduckgo.com/?{query}&iar=images&iax=1&ia=images'
 
 
-# run query in site to get vqd number needed for requesting images
-# TODO: find a way to get this number without an extra request (is it a hash of the query?)
-def get_vqd(query, headers):
-    query_url = site_url.format(query=urlencode({'q': query}))
-    res = get(query_url, headers=headers)
-    content = res.text
-    if content.find('vqd=\'') == -1:
-        raise SearxEngineAPIException('Request failed')
-    vqd = content[content.find('vqd=\'') + 5 :]
-    vqd = vqd[: vqd.find('\'')]
-    return vqd
-
-
-# do search-request
 def request(query, params):
-    # to avoid running actual external requests when testing
-    if 'is_test' not in params:
-        vqd = get_vqd(query, params['headers'])
-    else:
-        vqd = '12345'
 
-    offset = (params['pageno'] - 1) * 50
+    eng_region = traits.get_region(params['searxng_locale'], traits.all_locale)
+    eng_lang = get_ddg_lang(traits, params['searxng_locale'])
 
-    safesearch = params['safesearch'] - 1
+    args = {
+        'q': query,
+        'o': 'json',
+        # 'u': 'bing',
+        'l': eng_region,
+        'vqd': get_vqd(query, params["headers"]),
+    }
 
-    region_code = get_region_code(params['language'], lang_list=supported_languages)
+    if params['pageno'] > 1:
-    if region_code:
+        args['s'] = (params['pageno'] - 1) * 100
-        params['url'] = images_url.format(
+
-            query=urlencode({'q': query, 'l': region_code}), offset=offset, safesearch=safesearch, vqd=vqd
+    params['cookies']['ad'] = eng_lang  # zh_CN
-        )
+    params['cookies']['ah'] = eng_region  # "us-en,de-de"
-    else:
+    params['cookies']['l'] = eng_region  # "hk-tzh"
-        params['url'] = images_url.format(query=urlencode({'q': query}), offset=offset, safesearch=safesearch, vqd=vqd)
+    logger.debug("cookies: %s", params['cookies'])
+
+    safe_search = safesearch_cookies.get(params['safesearch'])
+    if safe_search is not None:
+        params['cookies']['p'] = safe_search  # "-2", "1"
+    safe_search = safesearch_args.get(params['safesearch'])
+    if safe_search is not None:
+        args['p'] = safe_search  # "-1", "1"
+
+    args = urlencode(args)
+    params['url'] = 'https://duckduckgo.com/i.js?{args}&f={f}'.format(args=args, f=',,,,,')
+
+    params['headers']['Accept'] = 'application/json, text/javascript, */*; q=0.01'
+    params['headers']['Referer'] = 'https://duckduckgo.com/'
+    params['headers']['X-Requested-With'] = 'XMLHttpRequest'
+    logger.debug("headers: %s", params['headers'])
 
     return params
 
 
-# get response from search-request
 def response(resp):
     results = []
+    res_json = resp.json()
 
-    content = resp.text
-    res_json = loads(content)
-
-    # parse results
     for result in res_json['results']:
-        title = result['title']
-        url = result['url']
-        thumbnail = result['thumbnail']
-        image = result['image']
-
-        # append result
         results.append(
             {
                 'template': 'images.html',
-                'title': title,
+                'title': result['title'],
                 'content': '',
-                'thumbnail_src': thumbnail,
+                'thumbnail_src': result['thumbnail'],
-                'img_src': image,
+                'img_src': result['image'],
-                'url': url,
+                'url': result['url'],
+                'img_format': '%s x %s' % (result['width'], result['height']),
+                'source': result['source'],
             }
         )
 

searx/engines/duckduckgo_weather.py

@@ -1,13 +1,29 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-or-later
 # lint: pylint
-"""DuckDuckGo Weather"""
+"""
+DuckDuckGo Weather
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+"""
 
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
 from json import loads
 from urllib.parse import quote
 
 from datetime import datetime
 from flask_babel import gettext
 
+from searx.engines.duckduckgo import fetch_traits  # pylint: disable=unused-import
+from searx.engines.duckduckgo import get_ddg_lang
+from searx.enginelib.traits import EngineTraits
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    import logging
+
+    logger: logging.Logger
+
+traits: EngineTraits
+
+
 about = {
     "website": 'https://duckduckgo.com/',
     "wikidata_id": 'Q12805',
@@ -17,9 +33,11 @@ about = {
     "results": "JSON",
 }
 
-categories = ["others"]
+send_accept_language_header = True
 
-url = "https://duckduckgo.com/js/spice/forecast/{query}/{lang}"
+# engine dependent config
+categories = ["others"]
+URL = "https://duckduckgo.com/js/spice/forecast/{query}/{lang}"
 
 
 def generate_condition_table(condition):
@@ -72,8 +90,17 @@ def generate_day_table(day):
 
 
 def request(query, params):
-    params["url"] = url.format(query=quote(query), lang=params['language'].split('-')[0])
 
+    eng_region = traits.get_region(params['searxng_locale'], traits.all_locale)
+    eng_lang = get_ddg_lang(traits, params['searxng_locale'])
+
+    # !ddw paris :es-AR --> {'ad': 'es_AR', 'ah': 'ar-es', 'l': 'ar-es'}
+    params['cookies']['ad'] = eng_lang
+    params['cookies']['ah'] = eng_region
+    params['cookies']['l'] = eng_region
+    logger.debug("cookies: %s", params['cookies'])
+
+    params["url"] = URL.format(query=quote(query), lang=eng_lang.split('_')[0])
     return params
 
 

searx/engines/gentoo.py

@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ base_url = 'https://wiki.gentoo.org'
 # xpath queries
 xpath_results = '//ul[@class="mw-search-results"]/li'
 xpath_link = './/div[@class="mw-search-result-heading"]/a'
+xpath_content = './/div[@class="searchresult"]'
 
 
 # cut 'en' from 'en-US', 'de' from 'de-CH', and so on
@@ -77,8 +78,6 @@ main_langs = {
     'uk': 'Українська',
     'zh': '简体中文',
 }
-supported_languages = dict(lang_urls, **main_langs)
-
 
 # do search-request
 def request(query, params):
@@ -118,7 +117,8 @@ def response(resp):
         link = result.xpath(xpath_link)[0]
         href = urljoin(base_url, link.attrib.get('href'))
         title = extract_text(link)
+        content = extract_text(result.xpath(xpath_content))
 
-        results.append({'url': href, 'title': title})
+        results.append({'url': href, 'title': title, 'content': content})
 
     return results

searx/engines/google.py

@@ -1,34 +1,39 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-or-later
 # lint: pylint
-"""This is the implementation of the google WEB engine.  Some of this
+"""This is the implementation of the Google WEB engine.  Some of this
-implementations are shared by other engines:
+implementations (manly the :py:obj:`get_google_info`) are shared by other
+engines:
 
 - :ref:`google images engine`
 - :ref:`google news engine`
 - :ref:`google videos engine`
-
+- :ref:`google scholar engine`
-The google WEB engine itself has a special setup option:
+- :ref:`google autocomplete`
-
-.. code:: yaml
-
-  - name: google
-    ...
-    use_mobile_ui: false
-
-``use_mobile_ui``: (default: ``false``)
-  Enables to use *mobile endpoint* to bypass the google blocking (see
-  :issue:`159`).  On the mobile UI of Google Search, the button :guilabel:`More
-  results` is not affected by Google rate limiting and we can still do requests
-  while actively blocked by the original Google search.  By activate
-  ``use_mobile_ui`` this behavior is simulated by adding the parameter
-  ``async=use_ac:true,_fmt:pc`` to the :py:func:`request`.
 
 """
 
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+
+import re
 from urllib.parse import urlencode
 from lxml import html
-from searx.utils import match_language, extract_text, eval_xpath, eval_xpath_list, eval_xpath_getindex
+import babel
+import babel.core
+import babel.languages
+
+from searx.utils import extract_text, eval_xpath, eval_xpath_list, eval_xpath_getindex
+from searx.locales import language_tag, region_tag, get_offical_locales
+from searx import network
 from searx.exceptions import SearxEngineCaptchaException
+from searx.enginelib.traits import EngineTraits
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    import logging
+
+    logger: logging.Logger
+
+traits: EngineTraits
+
 
 # about
 about = {
@@ -45,64 +50,6 @@ categories = ['general', 'web']
 paging = True
 time_range_support = True
 safesearch = True
-send_accept_language_header = True
-use_mobile_ui = False
-supported_languages_url = 'https://www.google.com/preferences?#languages'
-
-# based on https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Google_domains and tests
-google_domains = {
-    'BG': 'google.bg',  # Bulgaria
-    'CZ': 'google.cz',  # Czech Republic
-    'DE': 'google.de',  # Germany
-    'DK': 'google.dk',  # Denmark
-    'AT': 'google.at',  # Austria
-    'CH': 'google.ch',  # Switzerland
-    'GR': 'google.gr',  # Greece
-    'AU': 'google.com.au',  # Australia
-    'CA': 'google.ca',  # Canada
-    'GB': 'google.co.uk',  # United Kingdom
-    'ID': 'google.co.id',  # Indonesia
-    'IE': 'google.ie',  # Ireland
-    'IN': 'google.co.in',  # India
-    'MY': 'google.com.my',  # Malaysia
-    'NZ': 'google.co.nz',  # New Zealand
-    'PH': 'google.com.ph',  # Philippines
-    'SG': 'google.com.sg',  # Singapore
-    'US': 'google.com',  # United States (google.us) redirects to .com
-    'ZA': 'google.co.za',  # South Africa
-    'AR': 'google.com.ar',  # Argentina
-    'CL': 'google.cl',  # Chile
-    'ES': 'google.es',  # Spain
-    'MX': 'google.com.mx',  # Mexico
-    'EE': 'google.ee',  # Estonia
-    'FI': 'google.fi',  # Finland
-    'BE': 'google.be',  # Belgium
-    'FR': 'google.fr',  # France
-    'IL': 'google.co.il',  # Israel
-    'HR': 'google.hr',  # Croatia
-    'HU': 'google.hu',  # Hungary
-    'IT': 'google.it',  # Italy
-    'JP': 'google.co.jp',  # Japan
-    'KR': 'google.co.kr',  # South Korea
-    'LT': 'google.lt',  # Lithuania
-    'LV': 'google.lv',  # Latvia
-    'NO': 'google.no',  # Norway
-    'NL': 'google.nl',  # Netherlands
-    'PL': 'google.pl',  # Poland
-    'BR': 'google.com.br',  # Brazil
-    'PT': 'google.pt',  # Portugal
-    'RO': 'google.ro',  # Romania
-    'RU': 'google.ru',  # Russia
-    'SK': 'google.sk',  # Slovakia
-    'SI': 'google.si',  # Slovenia
-    'SE': 'google.se',  # Sweden
-    'TH': 'google.co.th',  # Thailand
-    'TR': 'google.com.tr',  # Turkey
-    'UA': 'google.com.ua',  # Ukraine
-    'CN': 'google.com.hk',  # There is no google.cn, we use .com.hk for zh-CN
-    'HK': 'google.com.hk',  # Hong Kong
-    'TW': 'google.com.tw',  # Taiwan
-}
 
 time_range_dict = {'day': 'd', 'week': 'w', 'month': 'm', 'year': 'y'}
 
@@ -112,50 +59,50 @@ filter_mapping = {0: 'off', 1: 'medium', 2: 'high'}
 # specific xpath variables
 # ------------------------
 
-results_xpath = './/div[@data-sokoban-container]'
+results_xpath = './/div[contains(@jscontroller, "SC7lYd")]'
 title_xpath = './/a/h3[1]'
 href_xpath = './/a[h3]/@href'
-content_xpath = './/div[@data-content-feature=1]'
+content_xpath = './/div[@data-sncf]'
-
-# google *sections* are no usual *results*, we ignore them
-g_section_with_header = './g-section-with-header'
-
 
 # Suggestions are links placed in a *card-section*, we extract only the text
 # from the links not the links itself.
 suggestion_xpath = '//div[contains(@class, "EIaa9b")]//a'
 
+# UI_ASYNC = 'use_ac:true,_fmt:html' # returns a HTTP 500 when user search for
+#                                    # celebrities like '!google natasha allegri'
+#                                    # or '!google chris evans'
+UI_ASYNC = 'use_ac:true,_fmt:prog'
+"""Format of the response from UI's async request."""
 
-def get_lang_info(params, lang_list, custom_aliases, supported_any_language):
+
-    """Composing various language properties for the google engines.
+def get_google_info(params, eng_traits):
+    """Composing various (language) properties for the google engines (:ref:`google
+    API`).
 
     This function is called by the various google engines (:ref:`google web
     engine`, :ref:`google images engine`, :ref:`google news engine` and
     :ref:`google videos engine`).
 
-    :param dict param: request parameters of the engine
+    :param dict param: Request parameters of the engine.  At least
+        a ``searxng_locale`` key should be in the dictionary.
 
-    :param list lang_list: list of supported languages of the engine
+    :param eng_traits: Engine's traits fetched from google preferences
-        :py:obj:`ENGINES_LANGUAGES[engine-name] <searx.data.ENGINES_LANGUAGES>`
+        (:py:obj:`searx.enginelib.traits.EngineTraits`)
-
-    :param dict lang_list: custom aliases for non standard language codes
-        (used when calling :py:func:`searx.utils.match_language`)
-
-    :param bool supported_any_language: When a language is not specified, the
-        language interpretation is left up to Google to decide how the search
-        results should be delivered.  This argument is ``True`` for the google
-        engine and ``False`` for the other engines (google-images, -news,
-        -scholar, -videos).
 
     :rtype: dict
     :returns:
         Py-Dictionary with the key/value pairs:
 
         language:
-            Return value from :py:func:`searx.utils.match_language`
+            The language code that is used by google (e.g. ``lang_en`` or
+            ``lang_zh-TW``)
 
         country:
-            The country code (e.g. US, AT, CA, FR, DE ..)
+            The country code that is used by google (e.g. ``US`` or ``TW``)
+
+        locale:
+            A instance of :py:obj:`babel.core.Locale` build from the
+            ``searxng_locale`` value.
 
         subdomain:
             Google subdomain :py:obj:`google_domains` that fits to the country
@@ -165,52 +112,67 @@ def get_lang_info(params, lang_list, custom_aliases, supported_any_language):
             Py-Dictionary with additional request arguments (can be passed to
             :py:func:`urllib.parse.urlencode`).
 
+            - ``hl`` parameter: specifies the interface language of user interface.
+            - ``lr`` parameter: restricts search results to documents written in
+              a particular language.
+            - ``cr`` parameter: restricts search results to documents
+              originating in a particular country.
+            - ``ie`` parameter: sets the character encoding scheme that should
+              be used to interpret the query string ('utf8').
+            - ``oe`` parameter: sets the character encoding scheme that should
+              be used to decode the XML result ('utf8').
+
         headers:
             Py-Dictionary with additional HTTP headers (can be passed to
             request's headers)
+
+            - ``Accept: '*/*``
+
     """
+
     ret_val = {
         'language': None,
         'country': None,
         'subdomain': None,
         'params': {},
         'headers': {},
+        'cookies': {},
+        'locale': None,
     }
 
-    # language ...
+    sxng_locale = params.get('searxng_locale', 'all')
+    try:
+        locale = babel.Locale.parse(sxng_locale, sep='-')
+    except babel.core.UnknownLocaleError:
+        locale = None
 
-    _lang = params['language']
+    eng_lang = eng_traits.get_language(sxng_locale, 'lang_en')
-    _any_language = _lang.lower() == 'all'
+    lang_code = eng_lang.split('_')[-1]  # lang_zh-TW --> zh-TW / lang_en --> en
-    if _any_language:
+    country = eng_traits.get_region(sxng_locale, eng_traits.all_locale)
-        _lang = 'en-US'
-    language = match_language(_lang, lang_list, custom_aliases)
-    ret_val['language'] = language
 
-    # country ...
+    # Test zh_hans & zh_hant --> in the topmost links in the result list of list
+    # TW and HK you should a find wiktionary.org zh_hant link.  In the result
+    # list of zh-CN should not be no hant link instead you should find
+    # zh.m.wikipedia.org/zh somewhere in the top.
 
-    _l = _lang.split('-')
+    # '!go 日 :zh-TW' --> https://zh.m.wiktionary.org/zh-hant/%E6%97%A5
-    if len(_l) == 2:
+    # '!go 日 :zh-CN' --> https://zh.m.wikipedia.org/zh/%E6%97%A5
-        country = _l[1]
+
-    else:
+    ret_val['language'] = eng_lang
-        country = _l[0].upper()
-        if country == 'EN':
-            country = 'US'
     ret_val['country'] = country
-
+    ret_val['locale'] = locale
-    # subdomain ...
+    ret_val['subdomain'] = eng_traits.custom['supported_domains'].get(country.upper(), 'www.google.com')
-
-    ret_val['subdomain'] = 'www.' + google_domains.get(country.upper(), 'google.com')
-
-    # params & headers
-
-    lang_country = '%s-%s' % (language, country)  # (en-US, en-EN, de-DE, de-AU, fr-FR ..)
 
     # hl parameter:
-    #   https://developers.google.com/custom-search/docs/xml_results#hlsp The
+    #   The hl parameter specifies the interface language (host language) of
-    # Interface Language:
+    #   your user interface. To improve the performance and the quality of your
+    #   search results, you are strongly encouraged to set this parameter
+    #   explicitly.
+    #   https://developers.google.com/custom-search/docs/xml_results#hlsp
+    # The Interface Language:
     #   https://developers.google.com/custom-search/docs/xml_results_appendices#interfaceLanguages
 
-    ret_val['params']['hl'] = lang_list.get(lang_country, language)
+    ret_val['params']['hl'] = lang_code
 
     # lr parameter:
     #   The lr (language restrict) parameter restricts search results to
@@ -218,22 +180,72 @@ def get_lang_info(params, lang_list, custom_aliases, supported_any_language):
     #   https://developers.google.com/custom-search/docs/xml_results#lrsp
     #   Language Collection Values:
     #   https://developers.google.com/custom-search/docs/xml_results_appendices#languageCollections
-
-    if _any_language and supported_any_language:
-
-        # interpretation is left up to Google (based on whoogle)
     #
-        # - add parameter ``source=lnt``
+    # To select 'all' languages an empty 'lr' value is used.
-        # - don't use parameter ``lr``
+    #
-        # - don't add a ``Accept-Language`` HTTP header.
+    # Different to other google services, Google Schloar supports to select more
+    # than one language. The languages are seperated by a pipe '|' (logical OR).
+    # By example: &lr=lang_zh-TW%7Clang_de selects articles written in
+    # traditional chinese OR german language.
 
-        ret_val['params']['source'] = 'lnt'
+    ret_val['params']['lr'] = eng_lang
+    if sxng_locale == 'all':
+        ret_val['params']['lr'] = ''
 
-    else:
+    # cr parameter:
+    #   The cr parameter restricts search results to documents originating in a
+    #   particular country.
+    #   https://developers.google.com/custom-search/docs/xml_results#crsp
 
-        # restricts search results to documents written in a particular
+    ret_val['params']['cr'] = 'country' + country
-        # language.
+    if sxng_locale == 'all':
-        ret_val['params']['lr'] = "lang_" + lang_list.get(lang_country, language)
+        ret_val['params']['cr'] = ''
+
+    # gl parameter: (mandatory by Geeogle News)
+    #   The gl parameter value is a two-letter country code. For WebSearch
+    #   results, the gl parameter boosts search results whose country of origin
+    #   matches the parameter value. See the Country Codes section for a list of
+    #   valid values.
+    #   Specifying a gl parameter value in WebSearch requests should improve the
+    #   relevance of results. This is particularly true for international
+    #   customers and, even more specifically, for customers in English-speaking
+    #   countries other than the United States.
+    #   https://developers.google.com/custom-search/docs/xml_results#glsp
+
+    ret_val['params']['gl'] = country
+
+    # ie parameter:
+    #   The ie parameter sets the character encoding scheme that should be used
+    #   to interpret the query string. The default ie value is latin1.
+    #   https://developers.google.com/custom-search/docs/xml_results#iesp
+
+    ret_val['params']['ie'] = 'utf8'
+
+    # oe parameter:
+    #   The oe parameter sets the character encoding scheme that should be used
+    #   to decode the XML result. The default oe value is latin1.
+    #   https://developers.google.com/custom-search/docs/xml_results#oesp
+
+    ret_val['params']['oe'] = 'utf8'
+
+    # num parameter:
+    #   The num parameter identifies the number of search results to return.
+    #   The default num value is 10, and the maximum value is 20. If you request
+    #   more than 20 results, only 20 results will be returned.
+    #   https://developers.google.com/custom-search/docs/xml_results#numsp
+
+    # HINT: seems to have no effect (tested in google WEB & Images)
+    # ret_val['params']['num'] = 20
+
+    # HTTP headers
+
+    ret_val['headers']['Accept'] = '*/*'
+
+    # Cookies
+
+    # - https://github.com/searxng/searxng/pull/1679#issuecomment-1235432746
+    # - https://github.com/searxng/searxng/issues/1555
+    ret_val['cookies']['CONSENT'] = "YES+"
 
     return ret_val
 
@@ -245,33 +257,34 @@ def detect_google_sorry(resp):
 
 def request(query, params):
     """Google search request"""
-
+    # pylint: disable=line-too-long
     offset = (params['pageno'] - 1) * 10
-
+    google_info = get_google_info(params, traits)
-    lang_info = get_lang_info(params, supported_languages, language_aliases, True)
-
-    additional_parameters = {}
-    if use_mobile_ui:
-        additional_parameters = {
-            'asearch': 'arc',
-            'async': 'use_ac:true,_fmt:prog',
-        }
 
     # https://www.google.de/search?q=corona&hl=de&lr=lang_de&start=0&tbs=qdr%3Ad&safe=medium
     query_url = (
         'https://'
-        + lang_info['subdomain']
+        + google_info['subdomain']
         + '/search'
         + "?"
         + urlencode(
             {
                 'q': query,
-                **lang_info['params'],
+                **google_info['params'],
-                'ie': "utf8",
-                'oe': "utf8",
-                'start': offset,
                 'filter': '0',
-                **additional_parameters,
+                'start': offset,
+                # 'vet': '12ahUKEwik3ZbIzfn7AhXMX_EDHbUDBh0QxK8CegQIARAC..i',
+                # 'ved': '2ahUKEwik3ZbIzfn7AhXMX_EDHbUDBh0Q_skCegQIARAG',
+                # 'cs' : 1,
+                # 'sa': 'N',
+                # 'yv': 3,
+                # 'prmd': 'vin',
+                # 'ei': 'GASaY6TxOcy_xc8PtYeY6AE',
+                # 'sa': 'N',
+                # 'sstk': 'AcOHfVkD7sWCSAheZi-0tx_09XDO55gTWY0JNq3_V26cNN-c8lfD45aZYPI8s_Bqp8s57AHz5pxchDtAGCA_cikAWSjy9kw3kgg'
+                # formally known as use_mobile_ui
+                'asearch': 'arc',
+                'async': UI_ASYNC,
             }
         )
     )
@@ -282,25 +295,38 @@ def request(query, params):
         query_url += '&' + urlencode({'safe': filter_mapping[params['safesearch']]})
     params['url'] = query_url
 
-    params['cookies']['CONSENT'] = "YES+"
+    params['cookies'] = google_info['cookies']
-    params['headers'].update(lang_info['headers'])
+    params['headers'].update(google_info['headers'])
-    if use_mobile_ui:
-        params['headers']['Accept'] = '*/*'
-    else:
-        params['headers']['Accept'] = 'text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,*/*;q=0.8'
-
     return params
 
 
+# =26;[3,"dimg_ZNMiZPCqE4apxc8P3a2tuAQ_137"]a87;data:image/jpeg;base64,/9j/4AAQSkZJRgABA
+# ...6T+9Nl4cnD+gr9OK8I56/tX3l86nWYw//2Q==26;
+RE_DATA_IMAGE = re.compile(r'"(dimg_[^"]*)"[^;]*;(data:image[^;]*;[^;]*);')
+
+
+def _parse_data_images(dom):
+    data_image_map = {}
+    for img_id, data_image in RE_DATA_IMAGE.findall(dom.text_content()):
+        end_pos = data_image.rfind('=')
+        if end_pos > 0:
+            data_image = data_image[: end_pos + 1]
+        data_image_map[img_id] = data_image
+    logger.debug('data:image objects --> %s', list(data_image_map.keys()))
+    return data_image_map
+
+
 def response(resp):
     """Get response from google's search request"""
-
+    # pylint: disable=too-many-branches, too-many-statements
     detect_google_sorry(resp)
 
     results = []
 
     # convert the text to dom
     dom = html.fromstring(resp.text)
+    data_image_map = _parse_data_images(dom)
+
     # results --> answer
     answer_list = eval_xpath(dom, '//div[contains(@class, "LGOjhe")]')
     if answer_list:
@@ -309,25 +335,9 @@ def response(resp):
     else:
         logger.debug("did not find 'answer'")
 
-        # results --> number_of_results
-        if not use_mobile_ui:
-            try:
-                _txt = eval_xpath_getindex(dom, '//div[@id="result-stats"]//text()', 0)
-                _digit = ''.join([n for n in _txt if n.isdigit()])
-                number_of_results = int(_digit)
-                results.append({'number_of_results': number_of_results})
-            except Exception as e:  # pylint: disable=broad-except
-                logger.debug("did not 'number_of_results'")
-                logger.error(e, exc_info=True)
-
     # parse results
 
-    for result in eval_xpath_list(dom, results_xpath):
+    for result in eval_xpath_list(dom, results_xpath):  # pylint: disable=too-many-nested-blocks
-
-        # google *sections*
-        if extract_text(eval_xpath(result, g_section_with_header)):
-            logger.debug("ignoring <g-section-with-header>")
-            continue
 
         try:
             title_tag = eval_xpath_getindex(result, title_xpath, 0, default=None)
@@ -336,16 +346,30 @@ def response(resp):
                 logger.debug('ignoring item from the result_xpath list: missing title')
                 continue
             title = extract_text(title_tag)
+
             url = eval_xpath_getindex(result, href_xpath, 0, None)
             if url is None:
+                logger.debug('ignoring item from the result_xpath list: missing url of title "%s"', title)
                 continue
-            content = extract_text(eval_xpath_getindex(result, content_xpath, 0, default=None), allow_none=True)
+
-            if content is None:
+            content_nodes = eval_xpath(result, content_xpath)
+            content = extract_text(content_nodes)
+
+            if not content:
                 logger.debug('ignoring item from the result_xpath list: missing content of title "%s"', title)
                 continue
 
-            logger.debug('add link to results: %s', title)
+            img_src = content_nodes[0].xpath('.//img/@src')
-            results.append({'url': url, 'title': title, 'content': content})
+            if img_src:
+                img_src = img_src[0]
+                if img_src.startswith('data:image'):
+                    img_id = content_nodes[0].xpath('.//img/@id')
+                    if img_id:
+                        img_src = data_image_map.get(img_id[0])
+            else:
+                img_src = None
+
+            results.append({'url': url, 'title': title, 'content': content, 'img_src': img_src})
 
         except Exception as e:  # pylint: disable=broad-except
             logger.error(e, exc_info=True)
@@ -361,15 +385,107 @@ def response(resp):
 
 
 # get supported languages from their site
-def _fetch_supported_languages(resp):
+
-    ret_val = {}
+
+skip_countries = [
+    # official language of google-country not in google-languages
+    'AL',  # Albanien (sq)
+    'AZ',  # Aserbaidschan  (az)
+    'BD',  # Bangladesch (bn)
+    'BN',  # Brunei Darussalam (ms)
+    'BT',  # Bhutan (dz)
+    'ET',  # Äthiopien (am)
+    'GE',  # Georgien (ka, os)
+    'GL',  # Grönland (kl)
+    'KH',  # Kambodscha (km)
+    'LA',  # Laos (lo)
+    'LK',  # Sri Lanka (si, ta)
+    'ME',  # Montenegro (sr)
+    'MK',  # Nordmazedonien (mk, sq)
+    'MM',  # Myanmar (my)
+    'MN',  # Mongolei (mn)
+    'MV',  # Malediven (dv) // dv_MV is unknown by babel
+    'MY',  # Malaysia (ms)
+    'NP',  # Nepal (ne)
+    'TJ',  # Tadschikistan (tg)
+    'TM',  # Turkmenistan (tk)
+    'UZ',  # Usbekistan (uz)
+]
+
+
+def fetch_traits(engine_traits: EngineTraits, add_domains: bool = True):
+    """Fetch languages from Google."""
+    # pylint: disable=import-outside-toplevel, too-many-branches
+
+    engine_traits.custom['supported_domains'] = {}
+
+    resp = network.get('https://www.google.com/preferences')
+    if not resp.ok:
+        raise RuntimeError("Response from Google's preferences is not OK.")
+
     dom = html.fromstring(resp.text)
 
-    radio_buttons = eval_xpath_list(dom, '//*[@id="langSec"]//input[@name="lr"]')
+    # supported language codes
 
-    for x in radio_buttons:
+    lang_map = {'no': 'nb'}
-        name = x.get("data-name")
+    for x in eval_xpath_list(dom, '//*[@id="langSec"]//input[@name="lr"]'):
-        code = x.get("value").split('_')[-1]
-        ret_val[code] = {"name": name}
 
-    return ret_val
+        eng_lang = x.get("value").split('_')[-1]
+        try:
+            locale = babel.Locale.parse(lang_map.get(eng_lang, eng_lang), sep='-')
+        except babel.UnknownLocaleError:
+            print("ERROR: %s -> %s is unknown by babel" % (x.get("data-name"), eng_lang))
+            continue
+        sxng_lang = language_tag(locale)
+
+        conflict = engine_traits.languages.get(sxng_lang)
+        if conflict:
+            if conflict != eng_lang:
+                print("CONFLICT: babel %s --> %s, %s" % (sxng_lang, conflict, eng_lang))
+            continue
+        engine_traits.languages[sxng_lang] = 'lang_' + eng_lang
+
+    # alias languages
+    engine_traits.languages['zh'] = 'lang_zh-CN'
+
+    # supported region codes
+
+    for x in eval_xpath_list(dom, '//*[@name="region"]/..//input[@name="region"]'):
+        eng_country = x.get("value")
+
+        if eng_country in skip_countries:
+            continue
+        if eng_country == 'ZZ':
+            engine_traits.all_locale = 'ZZ'
+            continue
+
+        sxng_locales = get_offical_locales(eng_country, engine_traits.languages.keys(), regional=True)
+
+        if not sxng_locales:
+            print("ERROR: can't map from google country %s (%s) to a babel region." % (x.get('data-name'), eng_country))
+            continue
+
+        for sxng_locale in sxng_locales:
+            engine_traits.regions[region_tag(sxng_locale)] = eng_country
+
+    # alias regions
+    engine_traits.regions['zh-CN'] = 'HK'
+
+    # supported domains
+
+    if add_domains:
+        resp = network.get('https://www.google.com/supported_domains')
+        if not resp.ok:
+            raise RuntimeError("Response from https://www.google.com/supported_domains is not OK.")
+
+        for domain in resp.text.split():
+            domain = domain.strip()
+            if not domain or domain in [
+                '.google.com',
+            ]:
+                continue
+            region = domain.split('.')[-1].upper()
+            engine_traits.custom['supported_domains'][region] = 'www' + domain
+            if region == 'HK':
+                # There is no google.cn, we use .com.hk for zh-CN
+                engine_traits.custom['supported_domains']['CN'] = 'www' + domain

searx/engines/google_images.py

@@ -1,31 +1,38 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-or-later
 # lint: pylint
-"""This is the implementation of the google images engine using the google
+"""This is the implementation of the Google Images engine using the internal
-internal API used the Google Go Android app.
+Google API used by the Google Go Android app.
 
 This internal API offer results in
 
-- JSON (_fmt:json)
+- JSON (``_fmt:json``)
-- Protobuf (_fmt:pb)
+- Protobuf_ (``_fmt:pb``)
-- Protobuf compressed? (_fmt:pc)
+- Protobuf_ compressed? (``_fmt:pc``)
-- HTML (_fmt:html)
+- HTML (``_fmt:html``)
-- Protobuf encoded in JSON (_fmt:jspb).
+- Protobuf_ encoded in JSON (``_fmt:jspb``).
 
+.. _Protobuf: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protocol_Buffers
 """
 
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+
 from urllib.parse import urlencode
 from json import loads
 
+from searx.engines.google import fetch_traits  # pylint: disable=unused-import
 from searx.engines.google import (
-    get_lang_info,
+    get_google_info,
     time_range_dict,
     detect_google_sorry,
 )
 
-# pylint: disable=unused-import
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
-from searx.engines.google import supported_languages_url, _fetch_supported_languages
+    import logging
+    from searx.enginelib.traits import EngineTraits
+
+    logger: logging.Logger
+    traits: EngineTraits
 
-# pylint: enable=unused-import
 
 # about
 about = {
@@ -40,7 +47,6 @@ about = {
 # engine dependent config
 categories = ['images', 'web']
 paging = True
-use_locale_domain = True
 time_range_support = True
 safesearch = True
 send_accept_language_header = True
@@ -51,20 +57,18 @@ filter_mapping = {0: 'images', 1: 'active', 2: 'active'}
 def request(query, params):
     """Google-Image search request"""
 
-    lang_info = get_lang_info(params, supported_languages, language_aliases, False)
+    google_info = get_google_info(params, traits)
 
     query_url = (
         'https://'
-        + lang_info['subdomain']
+        + google_info['subdomain']
         + '/search'
         + "?"
         + urlencode(
             {
                 'q': query,
                 'tbm': "isch",
-                **lang_info['params'],
+                **google_info['params'],
-                'ie': "utf8",
-                'oe': "utf8",
                 'asearch': 'isch',
                 'async': '_fmt:json,p:1,ijn:' + str(params['pageno']),
             }
@@ -77,9 +81,8 @@ def request(query, params):
         query_url += '&' + urlencode({'safe': filter_mapping[params['safesearch']]})
     params['url'] = query_url
 
-    params['headers'].update(lang_info['headers'])
+    params['cookies'] = google_info['cookies']
-    params['headers']['User-Agent'] = 'NSTN/3.60.474802233.release Dalvik/2.1.0 (Linux; U; Android 12; US) gzip'
+    params['headers'].update(google_info['headers'])
-    params['headers']['Accept'] = '*/*'
     return params
 
 
@@ -111,7 +114,11 @@ def response(resp):
 
         copyright_notice = item["result"].get('iptc', {}).get('copyright_notice')
         if copyright_notice:
-            result_item['source'] += ' / ' + copyright_notice
+            result_item['source'] += ' | ' + copyright_notice
+
+        freshness_date = item["result"].get("freshness_date")
+        if freshness_date:
+            result_item['source'] += ' | ' + freshness_date
 
         file_size = item.get('gsa', {}).get('file_size')
         if file_size:

searx/engines/google_news.py

@@ -1,24 +1,40 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-or-later
 # lint: pylint
-"""This is the implementation of the google news engine.  The google news API
+"""This is the implementation of the Google News engine.
-ignores some parameters from the common :ref:`google API`:
 
-- num_ : the number of search results is ignored
+Google News has a different region handling compared to Google WEB.
+
+- the ``ceid`` argument has to be set (:py:obj:`ceid_list`)
+- the hl_ argument has to be set correctly (and different to Google WEB)
+- the gl_ argument is mandatory
+
+If one of this argument is not set correctly, the request is redirected to
+CONSENT dialog::
+
+  https://consent.google.com/m?continue=
+
+The google news API ignores some parameters from the common :ref:`google API`:
+
+- num_ : the number of search results is ignored / there is no paging all
+  results for a query term are in the first response.
 - save_ : is ignored / Google-News results are always *SafeSearch*
 
+.. _hl: https://developers.google.com/custom-search/docs/xml_results#hlsp
+.. _gl: https://developers.google.com/custom-search/docs/xml_results#glsp
 .. _num: https://developers.google.com/custom-search/docs/xml_results#numsp
 .. _save: https://developers.google.com/custom-search/docs/xml_results#safesp
-
 """
 
-# pylint: disable=invalid-name
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
 
 import binascii
 import re
 from urllib.parse import urlencode
 from base64 import b64decode
 from lxml import html
+import babel
 
+from searx import locales
 from searx.utils import (
     eval_xpath,
     eval_xpath_list,
@@ -26,18 +42,19 @@ from searx.utils import (
     extract_text,
 )
 
-# pylint: disable=unused-import
+from searx.engines.google import fetch_traits as _fetch_traits  # pylint: disable=unused-import
 from searx.engines.google import (
-    supported_languages_url,
+    get_google_info,
-    _fetch_supported_languages,
-)
-
-# pylint: enable=unused-import
-
-from searx.engines.google import (
-    get_lang_info,
     detect_google_sorry,
 )
+from searx.enginelib.traits import EngineTraits
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    import logging
+
+    logger: logging.Logger
+
+traits: EngineTraits
 
 # about
 about = {
@@ -49,70 +66,77 @@ about = {
     "results": 'HTML',
 }
 
-# compared to other google engines google-news has a different time range
-# support.  The time range is included in the search term.
-time_range_dict = {
-    'day': 'when:1d',
-    'week': 'when:7d',
-    'month': 'when:1m',
-    'year': 'when:1y',
-}
-
 # engine dependent config
-
 categories = ['news']
 paging = False
-use_locale_domain = True
+time_range_support = False
-time_range_support = True
 
 # Google-News results are always *SafeSearch*. Option 'safesearch' is set to
 # False here, otherwise checker will report safesearch-errors::
 #
 #  safesearch : results are identitical for safesearch=0 and safesearch=2
-safesearch = False
+safesearch = True
-send_accept_language_header = True
+# send_accept_language_header = True
 
 
 def request(query, params):
     """Google-News search request"""
 
-    lang_info = get_lang_info(params, supported_languages, language_aliases, False)
+    sxng_locale = params.get('searxng_locale', 'en-US')
+    ceid = locales.get_engine_locale(sxng_locale, traits.custom['ceid'], default='US:en')
+    google_info = get_google_info(params, traits)
+    google_info['subdomain'] = 'news.google.com'  # google news has only one domain
 
-    # google news has only one domain
+    ceid_region, ceid_lang = ceid.split(':')
-    lang_info['subdomain'] = 'news.google.com'
+    ceid_lang, ceid_suffix = (
+        ceid_lang.split('-')
+        + [
+            None,
+        ]
+    )[:2]
 
-    ceid = "%s:%s" % (lang_info['country'], lang_info['language'])
+    google_info['params']['hl'] = ceid_lang
 
-    # google news redirects en to en-US
+    if ceid_suffix and ceid_suffix not in ['Hans', 'Hant']:
-    if lang_info['params']['hl'] == 'en':
-        lang_info['params']['hl'] = 'en-US'
 
-    # Very special to google-news compared to other google engines, the time
+        if ceid_region.lower() == ceid_lang:
-    # range is included in the search term.
+            google_info['params']['hl'] = ceid_lang + '-' + ceid_region
-    if params['time_range']:
+        else:
-        query += ' ' + time_range_dict[params['time_range']]
+            google_info['params']['hl'] = ceid_lang + '-' + ceid_suffix
+
+    elif ceid_region.lower() != ceid_lang:
+
+        if ceid_region in ['AT', 'BE', 'CH', 'IL', 'SA', 'IN', 'BD', 'PT']:
+            google_info['params']['hl'] = ceid_lang
+        else:
+            google_info['params']['hl'] = ceid_lang + '-' + ceid_region
+
+    google_info['params']['lr'] = 'lang_' + ceid_lang.split('-')[0]
+    google_info['params']['gl'] = ceid_region
 
     query_url = (
         'https://'
-        + lang_info['subdomain']
+        + google_info['subdomain']
-        + '/search'
+        + "/search?"
-        + "?"
+        + urlencode(
-        + urlencode({'q': query, **lang_info['params'], 'ie': "utf8", 'oe': "utf8", 'gl': lang_info['country']})
+            {
+                'q': query,
+                **google_info['params'],
+            }
+        )
+        # ceid includes a ':' character which must not be urlencoded
         + ('&ceid=%s' % ceid)
-    )  # ceid includes a ':' character which must not be urlencoded
+    )
+
     params['url'] = query_url
-
+    params['cookies'] = google_info['cookies']
-    params['cookies']['CONSENT'] = "YES+"
+    params['headers'].update(google_info['headers'])
-    params['headers'].update(lang_info['headers'])
-    params['headers']['Accept'] = 'text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,*/*;q=0.8'
-
     return params
 
 
 def response(resp):
     """Get response from google's search request"""
     results = []
-
     detect_google_sorry(resp)
 
     # convert the text to dom
@@ -152,8 +176,8 @@ def response(resp):
 
         # The pub_date is mostly a string like 'yesertday', not a real
         # timezone date or time.  Therefore we can't use publishedDate.
-        pub_date = extract_text(eval_xpath(result, './article/div[1]/div[1]/time'))
+        pub_date = extract_text(eval_xpath(result, './article//time'))
-        pub_origin = extract_text(eval_xpath(result, './article/div[1]/div[1]/a'))
+        pub_origin = extract_text(eval_xpath(result, './article//a[@data-n-tid]'))
 
         content = ' / '.join([x for x in [pub_origin, pub_date] if x])
 
@@ -174,3 +198,127 @@ def response(resp):
 
     # return results
     return results
+
+
+ceid_list = [
+    'AE:ar',
+    'AR:es-419',
+    'AT:de',
+    'AU:en',
+    'BD:bn',
+    'BE:fr',
+    'BE:nl',
+    'BG:bg',
+    'BR:pt-419',
+    'BW:en',
+    'CA:en',
+    'CA:fr',
+    'CH:de',
+    'CH:fr',
+    'CL:es-419',
+    'CN:zh-Hans',
+    'CO:es-419',
+    'CU:es-419',
+    'CZ:cs',
+    'DE:de',
+    'EG:ar',
+    'ES:es',
+    'ET:en',
+    'FR:fr',
+    'GB:en',
+    'GH:en',
+    'GR:el',
+    'HK:zh-Hant',
+    'HU:hu',
+    'ID:en',
+    'ID:id',
+    'IE:en',
+    'IL:en',
+    'IL:he',
+    'IN:bn',
+    'IN:en',
+    'IN:hi',
+    'IN:ml',
+    'IN:mr',
+    'IN:ta',
+    'IN:te',
+    'IT:it',
+    'JP:ja',
+    'KE:en',
+    'KR:ko',
+    'LB:ar',
+    'LT:lt',
+    'LV:en',
+    'LV:lv',
+    'MA:fr',
+    'MX:es-419',
+    'MY:en',
+    'NA:en',
+    'NG:en',
+    'NL:nl',
+    'NO:no',
+    'NZ:en',
+    'PE:es-419',
+    'PH:en',
+    'PK:en',
+    'PL:pl',
+    'PT:pt-150',
+    'RO:ro',
+    'RS:sr',
+    'RU:ru',
+    'SA:ar',
+    'SE:sv',
+    'SG:en',
+    'SI:sl',
+    'SK:sk',
+    'SN:fr',
+    'TH:th',
+    'TR:tr',
+    'TW:zh-Hant',
+    'TZ:en',
+    'UA:ru',
+    'UA:uk',
+    'UG:en',
+    'US:en',
+    'US:es-419',
+    'VE:es-419',
+    'VN:vi',
+    'ZA:en',
+    'ZW:en',
+]
+"""List of region/language combinations supported by Google News.  Values of the
+``ceid`` argument of the Google News REST API."""
+
+
+_skip_values = [
+    'ET:en',  # english (ethiopia)
+    'ID:en',  # english (indonesia)
+    'LV:en',  # english (latvia)
+]
+
+_ceid_locale_map = {'NO:no': 'nb-NO'}
+
+
+def fetch_traits(engine_traits: EngineTraits):
+    _fetch_traits(engine_traits, add_domains=False)
+
+    engine_traits.custom['ceid'] = {}
+
+    for ceid in ceid_list:
+        if ceid in _skip_values:
+            continue
+
+        region, lang = ceid.split(':')
+        x = lang.split('-')
+        if len(x) > 1:
+            if x[1] not in ['Hant', 'Hans']:
+                lang = x[0]
+
+        sxng_locale = _ceid_locale_map.get(ceid, lang + '-' + region)
+        try:
+            locale = babel.Locale.parse(sxng_locale, sep='-')
+        except babel.UnknownLocaleError:
+            print("ERROR: %s -> %s is unknown by babel" % (ceid, sxng_locale))
+            continue
+
+        engine_traits.custom['ceid'][locales.region_tag(locale)] = ceid

searx/engines/google_scholar.py

@@ -1,19 +1,18 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-or-later
 # lint: pylint
-"""Google (Scholar)
+"""This is the implementation of the Google Scholar engine.
 
-For detailed description of the *REST-full* API see: `Query Parameter
+Compared to other Google services the Scholar engine has a simple GET REST-API
-Definitions`_.
+and there does not exists `async` API.  Even though the API slightly vintage we
-
+can make use of the :ref:`google API` to assemble the arguments of the GET
-.. _Query Parameter Definitions:
+request.
-   https://developers.google.com/custom-search/docs/xml_results#WebSearch_Query_Parameter_Definitions
 """
 
-# pylint: disable=invalid-name
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import Optional
 
 from urllib.parse import urlencode
 from datetime import datetime
-from typing import Optional
 from lxml import html
 
 from searx.utils import (
@@ -23,19 +22,21 @@ from searx.utils import (
     extract_text,
 )
 
+from searx.exceptions import SearxEngineCaptchaException
+
+from searx.engines.google import fetch_traits  # pylint: disable=unused-import
 from searx.engines.google import (
-    get_lang_info,
+    get_google_info,
     time_range_dict,
-    detect_google_sorry,
 )
+from searx.enginelib.traits import EngineTraits
 
-# pylint: disable=unused-import
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
-from searx.engines.google import (
+    import logging
-    supported_languages_url,
-    _fetch_supported_languages,
-)
 
-# pylint: enable=unused-import
+    logger: logging.Logger
+
+traits: EngineTraits
 
 # about
 about = {
@@ -51,53 +52,62 @@ about = {
 categories = ['science', 'scientific publications']
 paging = True
 language_support = True
-use_locale_domain = True
 time_range_support = True
 safesearch = False
 send_accept_language_header = True
 
 
-def time_range_url(params):
+def time_range_args(params):
-    """Returns a URL query component for a google-Scholar time range based on
+    """Returns a dictionary with a time range arguments based on
-    ``params['time_range']``.  Google-Scholar does only support ranges in years.
+    ``params['time_range']``.
-    To have any effect, all the Searx ranges (*day*, *week*, *month*, *year*)
+
-    are mapped to *year*.  If no range is set, an empty string is returned.
+    Google Scholar supports a detailed search by year.  Searching by *last
-    Example::
+    month* or *last week* (as offered by SearXNG) is uncommon for scientific
+    publications and is not supported by Google Scholar.
+
+    To limit the result list when the users selects a range, all the SearXNG
+    ranges (*day*, *week*, *month*, *year*) are mapped to *year*.  If no range
+    is set an empty dictionary of arguments is returned.  Example;  when
+    user selects a time range (current year minus one in 2022):
+
+    .. code:: python
+
+        { 'as_ylo' : 2021 }
 
-        &as_ylo=2019
     """
-    # as_ylo=2016&as_yhi=2019
+    ret_val = {}
-    ret_val = ''
     if params['time_range'] in time_range_dict:
-        ret_val = urlencode({'as_ylo': datetime.now().year - 1})
+        ret_val['as_ylo'] = datetime.now().year - 1
-    return '&' + ret_val
+    return ret_val
+
+
+def detect_google_captcha(dom):
+    """In case of CAPTCHA Google Scholar open its own *not a Robot* dialog and is
+    not redirected to ``sorry.google.com``.
+    """
+    if eval_xpath(dom, "//form[@id='gs_captcha_f']"):
+        raise SearxEngineCaptchaException()
 
 
 def request(query, params):
     """Google-Scholar search request"""
 
-    offset = (params['pageno'] - 1) * 10
+    google_info = get_google_info(params, traits)
-    lang_info = get_lang_info(params, supported_languages, language_aliases, False)
-
     # subdomain is: scholar.google.xy
-    lang_info['subdomain'] = lang_info['subdomain'].replace("www.", "scholar.")
+    google_info['subdomain'] = google_info['subdomain'].replace("www.", "scholar.")
 
-    query_url = (
+    args = {
-        'https://'
+        'q': query,
-        + lang_info['subdomain']
+        **google_info['params'],
-        + '/scholar'
+        'start': (params['pageno'] - 1) * 10,
-        + "?"
+        'as_sdt': '2007',  # include patents / to disable set '0,5'
-        + urlencode({'q': query, **lang_info['params'], 'ie': "utf8", 'oe': "utf8", 'start': offset})
+        'as_vis': '0',  # include citations / to disable set '1'
-    )
+    }
+    args.update(time_range_args(params))
 
-    query_url += time_range_url(params)
+    params['url'] = 'https://' + google_info['subdomain'] + '/scholar?' + urlencode(args)
-    params['url'] = query_url
+    params['cookies'] = google_info['cookies']
-
+    params['headers'].update(google_info['headers'])
-    params['cookies']['CONSENT'] = "YES+"
-    params['headers'].update(lang_info['headers'])
-    params['headers']['Accept'] = 'text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,*/*;q=0.8'
-
-    # params['google_subdomain'] = subdomain
     return params
 
 
@@ -138,19 +148,15 @@ def parse_gs_a(text: Optional[str]):
 
 
 def response(resp):  # pylint: disable=too-many-locals
-    """Get response from google's search request"""
+    """Parse response from Google Scholar"""
     results = []
 
-    detect_google_sorry(resp)
-
-    # which subdomain ?
-    # subdomain = resp.search_params.get('google_subdomain')
-
     # convert the text to dom
     dom = html.fromstring(resp.text)
+    detect_google_captcha(dom)
 
     # parse results
-    for result in eval_xpath_list(dom, '//div[@data-cid]'):
+    for result in eval_xpath_list(dom, '//div[@data-rp]'):
 
         title = extract_text(eval_xpath(result, './/h3[1]//a'))
 
@@ -158,7 +164,7 @@ def response(resp):  # pylint: disable=too-many-locals
             # this is a [ZITATION] block
             continue
 
-        pub_type = extract_text(eval_xpath(result, './/span[@class="gs_ct1"]'))
+        pub_type = extract_text(eval_xpath(result, './/span[@class="gs_ctg2"]'))
         if pub_type:
             pub_type = pub_type[1:-1].lower()
 

searx/engines/google_videos.py

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-or-later
 # lint: pylint
-"""This is the implementation of the google videos engine.
+"""This is the implementation of the Google Videos engine.
 
 .. admonition:: Content-Security-Policy (CSP)
 
@@ -14,9 +14,8 @@
 
 """
 
-# pylint: disable=invalid-name
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
 
-import re
 from urllib.parse import urlencode
 from lxml import html
 
@@ -27,20 +26,22 @@ from searx.utils import (
     extract_text,
 )
 
+from searx.engines.google import fetch_traits  # pylint: disable=unused-import
 from searx.engines.google import (
-    get_lang_info,
+    get_google_info,
     time_range_dict,
     filter_mapping,
-    g_section_with_header,
-    title_xpath,
     suggestion_xpath,
     detect_google_sorry,
 )
+from searx.enginelib.traits import EngineTraits
 
-# pylint: disable=unused-import
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
-from searx.engines.google import supported_languages_url, _fetch_supported_languages
+    import logging
 
-# pylint: enable=unused-import
+    logger: logging.Logger
+
+traits: EngineTraits
 
 # about
 about = {
@@ -55,70 +56,32 @@ about = {
 # engine dependent config
 
 categories = ['videos', 'web']
-paging = False
+paging = True
 language_support = True
-use_locale_domain = True
 time_range_support = True
 safesearch = True
-send_accept_language_header = True
-
-RE_CACHE = {}
-
-
-def _re(regexpr):
-    """returns compiled regular expression"""
-    RE_CACHE[regexpr] = RE_CACHE.get(regexpr, re.compile(regexpr))
-    return RE_CACHE[regexpr]
-
-
-def scrap_out_thumbs_src(dom):
-    ret_val = {}
-    thumb_name = 'dimg_'
-    for script in eval_xpath_list(dom, '//script[contains(., "google.ldi={")]'):
-        _script = script.text
-        # "dimg_35":"https://i.ytimg.c....",
-        _dimurl = _re("s='([^']*)").findall(_script)
-        for k, v in _re('(' + thumb_name + '[0-9]*)":"(http[^"]*)').findall(_script):
-            v = v.replace(r'\u003d', '=')
-            v = v.replace(r'\u0026', '&')
-            ret_val[k] = v
-    logger.debug("found %s imgdata for: %s", thumb_name, ret_val.keys())
-    return ret_val
-
-
-def scrap_out_thumbs(dom):
-    """Scrap out thumbnail data from <script> tags."""
-    ret_val = {}
-    thumb_name = 'dimg_'
-
-    for script in eval_xpath_list(dom, '//script[contains(., "_setImagesSrc")]'):
-        _script = script.text
-
-        # var s='data:image/jpeg;base64, ...'
-        _imgdata = _re("s='([^']*)").findall(_script)
-        if not _imgdata:
-            continue
-
-        # var ii=['dimg_17']
-        for _vidthumb in _re(r"(%s\d+)" % thumb_name).findall(_script):
-            # At least the equal sign in the URL needs to be decoded
-            ret_val[_vidthumb] = _imgdata[0].replace(r"\x3d", "=")
-
-    logger.debug("found %s imgdata for: %s", thumb_name, ret_val.keys())
-    return ret_val
 
 
 def request(query, params):
     """Google-Video search request"""
 
-    lang_info = get_lang_info(params, supported_languages, language_aliases, False)
+    google_info = get_google_info(params, traits)
 
     query_url = (
         'https://'
-        + lang_info['subdomain']
+        + google_info['subdomain']
         + '/search'
         + "?"
-        + urlencode({'q': query, 'tbm': "vid", **lang_info['params'], 'ie': "utf8", 'oe': "utf8"})
+        + urlencode(
+            {
+                'q': query,
+                'tbm': "vid",
+                'start': 10 * params['pageno'],
+                **google_info['params'],
+                'asearch': 'arc',
+                'async': 'use_ac:true,_fmt:html',
+            }
+        )
     )
 
     if params['time_range'] in time_range_dict:
@@ -127,9 +90,8 @@ def request(query, params):
         query_url += '&' + urlencode({'safe': filter_mapping[params['safesearch']]})
     params['url'] = query_url
 
-    params['cookies']['CONSENT'] = "YES+"
+    params['cookies'] = google_info['cookies']
-    params['headers'].update(lang_info['headers'])
+    params['headers'].update(google_info['headers'])
-    params['headers']['Accept'] = 'text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,*/*;q=0.8'
     return params
 
 
@@ -141,43 +103,30 @@ def response(resp):
 
     # convert the text to dom
     dom = html.fromstring(resp.text)
-    vidthumb_imgdata = scrap_out_thumbs(dom)
-    thumbs_src = scrap_out_thumbs_src(dom)
-    logger.debug(str(thumbs_src))
 
     # parse results
     for result in eval_xpath_list(dom, '//div[contains(@class, "g ")]'):
 
-        # ignore google *sections*
+        img_src = eval_xpath_getindex(result, './/img/@src', 0, None)
-        if extract_text(eval_xpath(result, g_section_with_header)):
+        if img_src is None:
-            logger.debug("ignoring <g-section-with-header>")
             continue
 
-        # ingnore articles without an image id / e.g. news articles
+        title = extract_text(eval_xpath_getindex(result, './/a/h3[1]', 0))
-        img_id = eval_xpath_getindex(result, './/g-img/img/@id', 0, default=None)
+        url = eval_xpath_getindex(result, './/a/h3[1]/../@href', 0)
-        if img_id is None:
-            logger.error("no img_id found in item %s (news article?)", len(results) + 1)
-            continue
 
-        img_src = vidthumb_imgdata.get(img_id, None)
-        if not img_src:
-            img_src = thumbs_src.get(img_id, "")
-
-        title = extract_text(eval_xpath_getindex(result, title_xpath, 0))
-        url = eval_xpath_getindex(result, './/div[@class="dXiKIc"]//a/@href', 0)
-        length = extract_text(eval_xpath(result, './/div[contains(@class, "P7xzyf")]/span/span'))
         c_node = eval_xpath_getindex(result, './/div[@class="Uroaid"]', 0)
         content = extract_text(c_node)
-        pub_info = extract_text(eval_xpath(result, './/div[@class="Zg1NU"]'))
+        pub_info = extract_text(eval_xpath(result, './/div[@class="P7xzyf"]'))
+        length = extract_text(eval_xpath(result, './/div[@class="J1mWY"]'))
 
         results.append(
             {
                 'url': url,
                 'title': title,
                 'content': content,
-                'length': length,
                 'author': pub_info,
                 'thumbnail': img_src,
+                'length': length,
                 'template': 'videos.html',
             }
         )

searx/engines/peertube.py

@@ -1,18 +1,30 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-or-later
-"""
+# lint: pylint
- peertube (Videos)
+"""Peertube and :py:obj:`SepiaSearch <searx.engines.sepiasearch>` do share
+(more or less) the same REST API and the schema of the JSON result is identical.
+
 """
 
-from json import loads
+import re
-from datetime import datetime
 from urllib.parse import urlencode
-from searx.utils import html_to_text
+from datetime import datetime
+from dateutil.parser import parse
+from dateutil.relativedelta import relativedelta
+
+import babel
+
+from searx import network
+from searx.locales import language_tag
+from searx.utils import html_to_text
+from searx.enginelib.traits import EngineTraits
+
+traits: EngineTraits
 
-# about
 about = {
+    # pylint: disable=line-too-long
     "website": 'https://joinpeertube.org',
     "wikidata_id": 'Q50938515',
-    "official_api_documentation": 'https://docs.joinpeertube.org/api-rest-reference.html',
+    "official_api_documentation": 'https://docs.joinpeertube.org/api-rest-reference.html#tag/Search/operation/searchVideos',
     "use_official_api": True,
     "require_api_key": False,
     "results": 'JSON',
@@ -22,66 +34,155 @@ about = {
 categories = ["videos"]
 paging = True
 base_url = "https://peer.tube"
-supported_languages_url = 'https://peer.tube/api/v1/videos/languages'
+"""Base URL of the Peertube instance.  A list of instances is available at:
+
+- https://instances.joinpeertube.org/instances
+"""
+
+time_range_support = True
+time_range_table = {
+    'day': relativedelta(),
+    'week': relativedelta(weeks=-1),
+    'month': relativedelta(months=-1),
+    'year': relativedelta(years=-1),
+}
+
+safesearch = True
+safesearch_table = {0: 'both', 1: 'false', 2: 'false'}
+
+
+def minute_to_hm(minute):
+    if isinstance(minute, int):
+        return "%d:%02d" % (divmod(minute, 60))
+    return None
 
 
-# do search-request
 def request(query, params):
-    sanitized_url = base_url.rstrip("/")
+    """Assemble request for the Peertube API"""
-    pageno = (params["pageno"] - 1) * 15
+
-    search_url = sanitized_url + "/api/v1/search/videos/?pageno={pageno}&{query}"
+    if not query:
-    query_dict = {"search": query}
+        return False
-    language = params["language"].split("-")[0]
+
-    if "all" != language and language in supported_languages:
+    # eng_region = traits.get_region(params['searxng_locale'], 'en_US')
-        query_dict["languageOneOf"] = language
+    eng_lang = traits.get_language(params['searxng_locale'], None)
-    params["url"] = search_url.format(query=urlencode(query_dict), pageno=pageno)
+
+    params['url'] = (
+        base_url.rstrip("/")
+        + "/api/v1/search/videos?"
+        + urlencode(
+            {
+                'search': query,
+                'searchTarget': 'search-index',  # Vidiversum
+                'resultType': 'videos',
+                'start': (params['pageno'] - 1) * 10,
+                'count': 10,
+                # -createdAt: sort by date ascending / createdAt: date descending
+                'sort': '-match',  # sort by *match descending*
+                'nsfw': safesearch_table[params['safesearch']],
+            }
+        )
+    )
+
+    if eng_lang is not None:
+        params['url'] += '&languageOneOf[]=' + eng_lang
+        params['url'] += '&boostLanguages[]=' + eng_lang
+
+    if params['time_range'] in time_range_table:
+        time = datetime.now().date() + time_range_table[params['time_range']]
+        params['url'] += '&startDate=' + time.isoformat()
+
     return params
 
 
-def _get_offset_from_pageno(pageno):
-    return (pageno - 1) * 15 + 1
-
-
-# get response from search-request
 def response(resp):
-    sanitized_url = base_url.rstrip("/")
+    return video_response(resp)
+
+
+def video_response(resp):
+    """Parse video response from SepiaSearch and Peertube instances."""
     results = []
 
-    search_res = loads(resp.text)
+    json_data = resp.json()
 
-    # return empty array if there are no results
+    if 'data' not in json_data:
-    if "data" not in search_res:
         return []
 
-    # parse results
+    for result in json_data['data']:
-    for res in search_res["data"]:
+        metadata = [
-        title = res["name"]
+            x
-        url = sanitized_url + "/videos/watch/" + res["uuid"]
+            for x in [
-        description = res["description"]
+                result.get('channel', {}).get('displayName'),
-        if description:
+                result.get('channel', {}).get('name') + '@' + result.get('channel', {}).get('host'),
-            content = html_to_text(res["description"])
+                ', '.join(result.get('tags', [])),
-        else:
+            ]
-            content = ""
+            if x
-        thumbnail = sanitized_url + res["thumbnailPath"]
+        ]
-        publishedDate = datetime.strptime(res["publishedAt"], "%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S.%fZ")
 
         results.append(
             {
-                "template": "videos.html",
+                'url': result['url'],
-                "url": url,
+                'title': result['name'],
-                "title": title,
+                'content': html_to_text(result.get('description') or ''),
-                "content": content,
+                'author': result.get('account', {}).get('displayName'),
-                "publishedDate": publishedDate,
+                'length': minute_to_hm(result.get('duration')),
-                "iframe_src": sanitized_url + res["embedPath"],
+                'template': 'videos.html',
-                "thumbnail": thumbnail,
+                'publishedDate': parse(result['publishedAt']),
+                'iframe_src': result.get('embedUrl'),
+                'thumbnail': result.get('thumbnailUrl') or result.get('previewUrl'),
+                'metadata': ' | '.join(metadata),
             }
         )
 
-    # return results
     return results
 
 
-def _fetch_supported_languages(resp):
+def fetch_traits(engine_traits: EngineTraits):
-    videolanguages = resp.json()
+    """Fetch languages from peertube's search-index source code.
-    peertube_languages = list(videolanguages.keys())
+
-    return peertube_languages
+    See videoLanguages_ in commit `8ed5c729 - Refactor and redesign client`_
+
+    .. _8ed5c729 - Refactor and redesign client:
+       https://framagit.org/framasoft/peertube/search-index/-/commit/8ed5c729
+    .. _videoLanguages:
+       https://framagit.org/framasoft/peertube/search-index/-/commit/8ed5c729#3d8747f9a60695c367c70bb64efba8f403721fad_0_291
+    """
+
+    resp = network.get(
+        'https://framagit.org/framasoft/peertube/search-index/-/raw/master/client/src/components/Filters.vue',
+        # the response from search-index repository is very slow
+        timeout=60,
+    )
+
+    if not resp.ok:
+        print("ERROR: response from peertube is not OK.")
+        return
+
+    js_lang = re.search(r"videoLanguages \(\)[^\n]+(.*?)\]", resp.text, re.DOTALL)
+    if not js_lang:
+        print("ERROR: can't determine languages from peertube")
+        return
+
+    for lang in re.finditer(r"\{ id: '([a-z]+)', label:", js_lang.group(1)):
+        try:
+            eng_tag = lang.group(1)
+            if eng_tag == 'oc':
+                # Occitanis not known by babel, its closest relative is Catalan
+                # but 'ca' is already in the list of engine_traits.languages -->
+                # 'oc' will be ignored.
+                continue
+
+            sxng_tag = language_tag(babel.Locale.parse(eng_tag))
+
+        except babel.UnknownLocaleError:
+            print("ERROR: %s is unknown by babel" % eng_tag)
+            continue
+
+        conflict = engine_traits.languages.get(sxng_tag)
+        if conflict:
+            if conflict != eng_tag:
+                print("CONFLICT: babel %s --> %s, %s" % (sxng_tag, conflict, eng_tag))
+            continue
+        engine_traits.languages[sxng_tag] = eng_tag
+
+    engine_traits.languages['zh_Hans'] = 'zh'
+    engine_traits.languages['zh_Hant'] = 'zh'

searx/engines/qwant.py

@@ -34,7 +34,9 @@ import babel
 
 from searx.exceptions import SearxEngineAPIException
 from searx.network import raise_for_httperror
-from searx.locales import get_engine_locale
+from searx.enginelib.traits import EngineTraits
+
+traits: EngineTraits
 
 # about
 about = {
@@ -49,7 +51,6 @@ about = {
 # engine dependent config
 categories = []
 paging = True
-supported_languages_url = about['website']
 qwant_categ = None  # web|news|inages|videos
 
 safesearch = True
@@ -95,7 +96,7 @@ def request(query, params):
     )
 
     # add quant's locale
-    q_locale = get_engine_locale(params['language'], supported_languages, default='en_US')
+    q_locale = traits.get_region(params["searxng_locale"], default='en_US')
     params['url'] += '&locale=' + q_locale
 
     # add safesearch option
@@ -243,15 +244,20 @@ def response(resp):
     return results
 
 
-def _fetch_supported_languages(resp):
+def fetch_traits(engine_traits: EngineTraits):
 
+    # pylint: disable=import-outside-toplevel
+    from searx import network
+    from searx.locales import region_tag
+
+    resp = network.get(about['website'])
     text = resp.text
     text = text[text.find('INITIAL_PROPS') :]
     text = text[text.find('{') : text.find('</script>')]
 
     q_initial_props = loads(text)
     q_locales = q_initial_props.get('locales')
-    q_valid_locales = []
+    eng_tag_list = set()
 
     for country, v in q_locales.items():
         for lang in v['langs']:
@@ -261,25 +267,18 @@ def _fetch_supported_languages(resp):
                 # qwant-news does not support all locales from qwant-web:
                 continue
 
-            q_valid_locales.append(_locale)
+            eng_tag_list.add(_locale)
 
-    supported_languages = {}
+    for eng_tag in eng_tag_list:
-
-    for q_locale in q_valid_locales:
         try:
-            locale = babel.Locale.parse(q_locale, sep='_')
+            sxng_tag = region_tag(babel.Locale.parse(eng_tag, sep='_'))
-        except babel.core.UnknownLocaleError:
+        except babel.UnknownLocaleError:
-            print("ERROR: can't determine babel locale of quant's locale %s" % q_locale)
+            print("ERROR: can't determine babel locale of quant's locale %s" % eng_tag)
             continue
 
-        # note: supported_languages (dict)
+        conflict = engine_traits.regions.get(sxng_tag)
-        #
+        if conflict:
-        #   dict's key is a string build up from a babel.Locale object / the
+            if conflict != eng_tag:
-        #   notation 'xx-XX' (and 'xx') conforms to SearXNG's locale (and
+                print("CONFLICT: babel %s --> %s, %s" % (sxng_tag, conflict, eng_tag))
-        #   language) notation and dict's values are the locale strings used by
+            continue
-        #   the engine.
+        engine_traits.regions[sxng_tag] = eng_tag
-
-        searxng_locale = locale.language + '-' + locale.territory  # --> params['language']
-        supported_languages[searxng_locale] = q_locale
-
-    return supported_languages

searx/engines/sepiasearch.py

@@ -1,70 +1,80 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-or-later
-"""
+# lint: pylint
- SepiaSearch (Videos)
+"""SepiaSearch uses the same languages as :py:obj:`Peertube
+<searx.engines.peertube>` and the response is identical to the response from the
+peertube engines.
+
 """
 
-from json import loads
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
-from dateutil import parser, relativedelta
+
 from urllib.parse import urlencode
 from datetime import datetime
 
-# about
+from searx.engines.peertube import fetch_traits  # pylint: disable=unused-import
+from searx.engines.peertube import (
+    # pylint: disable=unused-import
+    video_response,
+    safesearch_table,
+    time_range_table,
+)
+from searx.enginelib.traits import EngineTraits
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    import logging
+
+    logger: logging.Logger
+
+traits: EngineTraits
+
 about = {
+    # pylint: disable=line-too-long
     "website": 'https://sepiasearch.org',
     "wikidata_id": None,
-    "official_api_documentation": "https://framagit.org/framasoft/peertube/search-index/-/tree/master/server/controllers/api",  # NOQA
+    "official_api_documentation": 'https://docs.joinpeertube.org/api-rest-reference.html#tag/Search/operation/searchVideos',
     "use_official_api": True,
     "require_api_key": False,
     "results": 'JSON',
 }
 
+# engine dependent config
 categories = ['videos']
 paging = True
+
+base_url = 'https://sepiasearch.org'
+
 time_range_support = True
 safesearch = True
-supported_languages = [
-    # fmt: off
-    'en', 'fr', 'ja', 'eu', 'ca', 'cs', 'eo', 'el',
-    'de', 'it', 'nl', 'es', 'oc', 'gd', 'zh', 'pt',
-    'sv', 'pl', 'fi', 'ru'
-    # fmt: on
-]
-base_url = 'https://sepiasearch.org/api/v1/search/videos'
-
-safesearch_table = {0: 'both', 1: 'false', 2: 'false'}
-
-time_range_table = {
-    'day': relativedelta.relativedelta(),
-    'week': relativedelta.relativedelta(weeks=-1),
-    'month': relativedelta.relativedelta(months=-1),
-    'year': relativedelta.relativedelta(years=-1),
-}
-
-
-def minute_to_hm(minute):
-    if isinstance(minute, int):
-        return "%d:%02d" % (divmod(minute, 60))
-    return None
 
 
 def request(query, params):
+    """Assemble request for the SepiaSearch API"""
+
+    if not query:
+        return False
+
+    # eng_region = traits.get_region(params['searxng_locale'], 'en_US')
+    eng_lang = traits.get_language(params['searxng_locale'], None)
+
     params['url'] = (
-        base_url
+        base_url.rstrip("/")
-        + '?'
+        + "/api/v1/search/videos?"
         + urlencode(
             {
                 'search': query,
                 'start': (params['pageno'] - 1) * 10,
                 'count': 10,
-                'sort': '-match',
+                # -createdAt: sort by date ascending / createdAt: date descending
+                'sort': '-match',  # sort by *match descending*
                 'nsfw': safesearch_table[params['safesearch']],
             }
         )
     )
 
-    language = params['language'].split('-')[0]
+    if eng_lang is not None:
-    if language in supported_languages:
+        params['url'] += '&languageOneOf[]=' + eng_lang
-        params['url'] += '&languageOneOf[]=' + language
+        params['url'] += '&boostLanguages[]=' + eng_lang
+
     if params['time_range'] in time_range_table:
         time = datetime.now().date() + time_range_table[params['time_range']]
         params['url'] += '&startDate=' + time.isoformat()
@@ -73,34 +83,4 @@ def request(query, params):
 
 
 def response(resp):
-    results = []
+    return video_response(resp)
-
-    search_results = loads(resp.text)
-
-    if 'data' not in search_results:
-        return []
-
-    for result in search_results['data']:
-        title = result['name']
-        content = result['description']
-        thumbnail = result['thumbnailUrl']
-        publishedDate = parser.parse(result['publishedAt'])
-        author = result.get('account', {}).get('displayName')
-        length = minute_to_hm(result.get('duration'))
-        url = result['url']
-
-        results.append(
-            {
-                'url': url,
-                'title': title,
-                'content': content,
-                'author': author,
-                'length': length,
-                'template': 'videos.html',
-                'publishedDate': publishedDate,
-                'iframe_src': result.get('embedUrl'),
-                'thumbnail': thumbnail,
-            }
-        )
-
-    return results

searx/engines/startpage.py

@@ -1,28 +1,108 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-or-later
 # lint: pylint
-"""Startpage (Web)
+"""Startpage's language & region selectors are a mess ..
+
+.. _startpage regions:
+
+Startpage regions
+=================
+
+In the list of regions there are tags we need to map to common region tags::
+
+  pt-BR_BR --> pt_BR
+  zh-CN_CN --> zh_Hans_CN
+  zh-TW_TW --> zh_Hant_TW
+  zh-TW_HK --> zh_Hant_HK
+  en-GB_GB --> en_GB
+
+and there is at least one tag with a three letter language tag (ISO 639-2)::
+
+  fil_PH --> fil_PH
+
+The locale code ``no_NO`` from Startpage does not exists and is mapped to
+``nb-NO``::
+
+    babel.core.UnknownLocaleError: unknown locale 'no_NO'
+
+For reference see languages-subtag at iana; ``no`` is the macrolanguage [1]_ and
+W3C recommends subtag over macrolanguage [2]_.
+
+.. [1] `iana: language-subtag-registry
+   <https://www.iana.org/assignments/language-subtag-registry/language-subtag-registry>`_ ::
+
+      type: language
+      Subtag: nb
+      Description: Norwegian Bokmål
+      Added: 2005-10-16
+      Suppress-Script: Latn
+      Macrolanguage: no
+
+.. [2]
+   Use macrolanguages with care.  Some language subtags have a Scope field set to
+   macrolanguage, i.e. this primary language subtag encompasses a number of more
+   specific primary language subtags in the registry.  ...  As we recommended for
+   the collection subtags mentioned above, in most cases you should try to use
+   the more specific subtags ... `W3: The primary language subtag
+   <https://www.w3.org/International/questions/qa-choosing-language-tags#langsubtag>`_
+
+.. _startpage languages:
+
+Startpage languages
+===================
+
+:py:obj:`send_accept_language_header`:
+  The displayed name in Startpage's settings page depend on the location of the
+  IP when ``Accept-Language`` HTTP header is unset.  In :py:obj:`fetch_traits`
+  we use::
+
+    'Accept-Language': "en-US,en;q=0.5",
+    ..
+
+  to get uniform names independent from the IP).
+
+.. _startpage categories:
+
+Startpage categories
+====================
+
+Startpage's category (for Web-search, News, Videos, ..) is set by
+:py:obj:`startpage_categ` in  settings.yml::
+
+  - name: startpage
+    engine: startpage
+    startpage_categ: web
+    ...
+
+.. hint::
+
+   The default category is ``web`` .. and other categories than ``web`` are not
+   yet implemented.
 
 """
 
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from collections import OrderedDict
 import re
-from time import time
-
-from urllib.parse import urlencode
 from unicodedata import normalize, combining
+from time import time
 from datetime import datetime, timedelta
 
-from dateutil import parser
+import dateutil.parser
-from lxml import html
+import lxml.html
-from babel import Locale
+import babel
-from babel.localedata import locale_identifiers
 
-from searx.network import get
+from searx import network
-from searx.utils import extract_text, eval_xpath, match_language
+from searx.utils import extract_text, eval_xpath, gen_useragent
-from searx.exceptions import (
+from searx.exceptions import SearxEngineCaptchaException
-    SearxEngineResponseException,
+from searx.locales import region_tag
-    SearxEngineCaptchaException,
+from searx.enginelib.traits import EngineTraits
-)
 
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    import logging
+
+    logger: logging.Logger
+
+traits: EngineTraits
 
 # about
 about = {
@@ -34,18 +114,28 @@ about = {
     "results": 'HTML',
 }
 
+startpage_categ = 'web'
+"""Startpage's category, visit :ref:`startpage categories`.
+"""
+
+send_accept_language_header = True
+"""Startpage tries to guess user's language and territory from the HTTP
+``Accept-Language``.  Optional the user can select a search-language (can be
+different to the UI language) and a region filter.
+"""
+
 # engine dependent config
 categories = ['general', 'web']
-# there is a mechanism to block "bot" search
-# (probably the parameter qid), require
-# storing of qid's between mulitble search-calls
-
 paging = True
-supported_languages_url = 'https://www.startpage.com/do/settings'
+time_range_support = True
+safesearch = True
+
+time_range_dict = {'day': 'd', 'week': 'w', 'month': 'm', 'year': 'y'}
+safesearch_dict = {0: '0', 1: '1', 2: '1'}
 
 # search-url
-base_url = 'https://startpage.com/'
+base_url = 'https://www.startpage.com'
-search_url = base_url + 'sp/search?'
+search_url = base_url + '/sp/search'
 
 # specific xpath variables
 # ads xpath //div[@id="results"]/div[@id="sponsored"]//div[@class="result"]
@@ -53,92 +143,193 @@ search_url = base_url + 'sp/search?'
 results_xpath = '//div[@class="w-gl__result__main"]'
 link_xpath = './/a[@class="w-gl__result-title result-link"]'
 content_xpath = './/p[@class="w-gl__description"]'
+search_form_xpath = '//form[@id="search"]'
+"""XPath of Startpage's origin search form
+
+.. code: html
+
+    <form action="/sp/search" method="post">
+      <input type="text" name="query"  value="" ..>
+      <input type="hidden" name="t" value="device">
+      <input type="hidden" name="lui" value="english">
+      <input type="hidden" name="sc" value="Q7Mt5TRqowKB00">
+      <input type="hidden" name="cat" value="web">
+      <input type="hidden" class="abp" id="abp-input" name="abp" value="1">
+    </form>
+"""
 
 # timestamp of the last fetch of 'sc' code
 sc_code_ts = 0
 sc_code = ''
+sc_code_cache_sec = 30
+"""Time in seconds the sc-code is cached in memory :py:obj:`get_sc_code`."""
 
 
-def raise_captcha(resp):
+def get_sc_code(searxng_locale, params):
+    """Get an actual ``sc`` argument from Startpage's search form (HTML page).
 
-    if str(resp.url).startswith('https://www.startpage.com/sp/captcha'):
+    Startpage puts a ``sc`` argument on every HTML :py:obj:`search form
-        raise SearxEngineCaptchaException()
+    <search_form_xpath>`.  Without this argument Startpage considers the request
+    is from a bot.  We do not know what is encoded in the value of the ``sc``
+    argument, but it seems to be a kind of a *time-stamp*.
 
-
+    Startpage's search form generates a new sc-code on each request.  This
-def get_sc_code(headers):
+    function scrap a new sc-code from Startpage's home page every
-    """Get an actual `sc` argument from startpage's home page.
+    :py:obj:`sc_code_cache_sec` seconds.
-
-    Startpage puts a `sc` argument on every link.  Without this argument
-    startpage considers the request is from a bot.  We do not know what is
-    encoded in the value of the `sc` argument, but it seems to be a kind of a
-    *time-stamp*.  This *time-stamp* is valid for a few hours.
-
-    This function scrap a new *time-stamp* from startpage's home page every hour
-    (3000 sec).
 
     """
 
     global sc_code_ts, sc_code  # pylint: disable=global-statement
 
-    if time() > (sc_code_ts + 3000):
+    if sc_code and (time() < (sc_code_ts + sc_code_cache_sec)):
-        logger.debug("query new sc time-stamp ...")
+        logger.debug("get_sc_code: reuse '%s'", sc_code)
+        return sc_code
 
-        resp = get(base_url, headers=headers)
+    headers = {**params['headers']}
-        raise_captcha(resp)
+    headers['Origin'] = base_url
-        dom = html.fromstring(resp.text)
+    headers['Referer'] = base_url + '/'
+    # headers['Connection'] = 'keep-alive'
+    # headers['Accept-Encoding'] = 'gzip, deflate, br'
+    # headers['Accept'] = 'text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,*/*;q=0.8'
+    # headers['User-Agent'] = 'Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Ubuntu; Linux x86_64; rv:105.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/105.0'
+
+    # add Accept-Language header
+    if searxng_locale == 'all':
+        searxng_locale = 'en-US'
+    locale = babel.Locale.parse(searxng_locale, sep='-')
+
+    if send_accept_language_header:
+        ac_lang = locale.language
+        if locale.territory:
+            ac_lang = "%s-%s,%s;q=0.9,*;q=0.5" % (
+                locale.language,
+                locale.territory,
+                locale.language,
+            )
+        headers['Accept-Language'] = ac_lang
+
+    get_sc_url = base_url + '/?sc=%s' % (sc_code)
+    logger.debug("query new sc time-stamp ... %s", get_sc_url)
+    logger.debug("headers: %s", headers)
+    resp = network.get(get_sc_url, headers=headers)
+
+    # ?? x = network.get('https://www.startpage.com/sp/cdn/images/filter-chevron.svg', headers=headers)
+    # ?? https://www.startpage.com/sp/cdn/images/filter-chevron.svg
+    # ?? ping-back URL: https://www.startpage.com/sp/pb?sc=TLsB0oITjZ8F21
+
+    if str(resp.url).startswith('https://www.startpage.com/sp/captcha'):
+        raise SearxEngineCaptchaException(
+            message="get_sc_code: got redirected to https://www.startpage.com/sp/captcha",
+        )
+
+    dom = lxml.html.fromstring(resp.text)
 
     try:
-            # <input type="hidden" name="sc" value="...">
+        sc_code = eval_xpath(dom, search_form_xpath + '//input[@name="sc"]/@value')[0]
-            sc_code = eval_xpath(dom, '//input[@name="sc"]/@value')[0]
     except IndexError as exc:
-            # suspend startpage API --> https://github.com/searxng/searxng/pull/695
+        logger.debug("suspend startpage API --> https://github.com/searxng/searxng/pull/695")
-            raise SearxEngineResponseException(
+        raise SearxEngineCaptchaException(
-                suspended_time=7 * 24 * 3600, message="PR-695: query new sc time-stamp failed!"
+            message="get_sc_code: [PR-695] query new sc time-stamp failed! (%s)" % resp.url,
         ) from exc
 
     sc_code_ts = time()
-        logger.debug("new value is: %s", sc_code)
+    logger.debug("get_sc_code: new value is: %s", sc_code)
-
     return sc_code
 
 
-# do search-request
 def request(query, params):
+    """Assemble a Startpage request.
 
-    # pylint: disable=line-too-long
+    To avoid CAPTCHA we need to send a well formed HTTP POST request with a
-    # The format string from Startpage's FFox add-on [1]::
+    cookie.  We need to form a request that is identical to the request build by
-    #
+    Startpage's search form:
-    #     https://www.startpage.com/do/dsearch?query={searchTerms}&cat=web&pl=ext-ff&language=__MSG_extensionUrlLanguage__&extVersion=1.3.0
-    #
-    # [1] https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/startpage-private-search/
 
+    - in the cookie the **region** is selected
+    - in the HTTP POST data the **language** is selected
+
+    Additionally the arguments form Startpage's search form needs to be set in
+    HTML POST data / compare ``<input>`` elements: :py:obj:`search_form_xpath`.
+    """
+    if startpage_categ == 'web':
+        return _request_cat_web(query, params)
+
+    logger.error("Startpages's category '%' is not yet implemented.", startpage_categ)
+    return params
+
+
+def _request_cat_web(query, params):
+
+    engine_region = traits.get_region(params['searxng_locale'], 'en-US')
+    engine_language = traits.get_language(params['searxng_locale'], 'en')
+
+    # build arguments
     args = {
         'query': query,
-        'page': params['pageno'],
         'cat': 'web',
-        # 'pl': 'ext-ff',
+        't': 'device',
-        # 'extVersion': '1.3.0',
+        'sc': get_sc_code(params['searxng_locale'], params),  # hint: this func needs HTTP headers,
-        # 'abp': "-1",
+        'with_date': time_range_dict.get(params['time_range'], ''),
-        'sc': get_sc_code(params['headers']),
     }
 
-    # set language if specified
+    if engine_language:
-    if params['language'] != 'all':
+        args['language'] = engine_language
-        lang_code = match_language(params['language'], supported_languages, fallback=None)
+        args['lui'] = engine_language
-        if lang_code:
+
-            language_name = supported_languages[lang_code]['alias']
+    args['abp'] = '1'
-            args['language'] = language_name
+    if params['pageno'] > 1:
-            args['lui'] = language_name
+        args['page'] = params['pageno']
+
+    # build cookie
+    lang_homepage = 'en'
+    cookie = OrderedDict()
+    cookie['date_time'] = 'world'
+    cookie['disable_family_filter'] = safesearch_dict[params['safesearch']]
+    cookie['disable_open_in_new_window'] = '0'
+    cookie['enable_post_method'] = '1'  # hint: POST
+    cookie['enable_proxy_safety_suggest'] = '1'
+    cookie['enable_stay_control'] = '1'
+    cookie['instant_answers'] = '1'
+    cookie['lang_homepage'] = 's/device/%s/' % lang_homepage
+    cookie['num_of_results'] = '10'
+    cookie['suggestions'] = '1'
+    cookie['wt_unit'] = 'celsius'
+
+    if engine_language:
+        cookie['language'] = engine_language
+        cookie['language_ui'] = engine_language
+
+    if engine_region:
+        cookie['search_results_region'] = engine_region
+
+    params['cookies']['preferences'] = 'N1N'.join(["%sEEE%s" % x for x in cookie.items()])
+    logger.debug('cookie preferences: %s', params['cookies']['preferences'])
+
+    # POST request
+    logger.debug("data: %s", args)
+    params['data'] = args
+    params['method'] = 'POST'
+    params['url'] = search_url
+    params['headers']['Origin'] = base_url
+    params['headers']['Referer'] = base_url + '/'
+    # is the Accept header needed?
+    # params['headers']['Accept'] = 'text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,*/*;q=0.8'
 
-    params['url'] = search_url + urlencode(args)
     return params
 
 
 # get response from search-request
 def response(resp):
-    results = []
+    dom = lxml.html.fromstring(resp.text)
 
-    dom = html.fromstring(resp.text)
+    if startpage_categ == 'web':
+        return _response_cat_web(dom)
+
+    logger.error("Startpages's category '%' is not yet implemented.", startpage_categ)
+    return []
+
+
+def _response_cat_web(dom):
+    results = []
 
     # parse results
     for result in eval_xpath(dom, results_xpath):
@@ -173,7 +364,7 @@ def response(resp):
             content = content[date_pos:]
 
             try:
-                published_date = parser.parse(date_string, dayfirst=True)
+                published_date = dateutil.parser.parse(date_string, dayfirst=True)
             except ValueError:
                 pass
 
@@ -199,62 +390,103 @@ def response(resp):
     return results
 
 
-# get supported languages from their site
+def fetch_traits(engine_traits: EngineTraits):
-def _fetch_supported_languages(resp):
+    """Fetch :ref:`languages <startpage languages>` and :ref:`regions <startpage
-    # startpage's language selector is a mess each option has a displayed name
+    regions>` from Startpage."""
-    # and a value, either of which may represent the language name in the native
+    # pylint: disable=too-many-branches
-    # script, the language name in English, an English transliteration of the
-    # native name, the English name of the writing script used by the language,
-    # or occasionally something else entirely.
 
-    # this cases are so special they need to be hardcoded, a couple of them are misspellings
+    headers = {
-    language_names = {
+        'User-Agent': gen_useragent(),
-        'english_uk': 'en-GB',
+        'Accept-Language': "en-US,en;q=0.5",  # bing needs to set the English language
-        'fantizhengwen': ['zh-TW', 'zh-HK'],
-        'hangul': 'ko',
-        'malayam': 'ml',
-        'norsk': 'nb',
-        'sinhalese': 'si',
-        'sudanese': 'su',
     }
+    resp = network.get('https://www.startpage.com/do/settings', headers=headers)
 
-    # get the English name of every language known by babel
+    if not resp.ok:
-    language_names.update(
+        print("ERROR: response from Startpage is not OK.")
-        {
+
-            # fmt: off
+    dom = lxml.html.fromstring(resp.text)
-            name.lower(): lang_code
+
-            # pylint: disable=protected-access
+    # regions
-            for lang_code, name in Locale('en')._data['languages'].items()
+
-            # fmt: on
+    sp_region_names = []
-        }
+    for option in dom.xpath('//form[@name="settings"]//select[@name="search_results_region"]/option'):
-    )
+        sp_region_names.append(option.get('value'))
+
+    for eng_tag in sp_region_names:
+        if eng_tag == 'all':
+            continue
+        babel_region_tag = {'no_NO': 'nb_NO'}.get(eng_tag, eng_tag)  # norway
+
+        if '-' in babel_region_tag:
+            l, r = babel_region_tag.split('-')
+            r = r.split('_')[-1]
+            sxng_tag = region_tag(babel.Locale.parse(l + '_' + r, sep='_'))
+
+        else:
+            try:
+                sxng_tag = region_tag(babel.Locale.parse(babel_region_tag, sep='_'))
+
+            except babel.UnknownLocaleError:
+                print("ERROR: can't determine babel locale of startpage's locale %s" % eng_tag)
+                continue
+
+        conflict = engine_traits.regions.get(sxng_tag)
+        if conflict:
+            if conflict != eng_tag:
+                print("CONFLICT: babel %s --> %s, %s" % (sxng_tag, conflict, eng_tag))
+            continue
+        engine_traits.regions[sxng_tag] = eng_tag
+
+    # languages
+
+    catalog_engine2code = {name.lower(): lang_code for lang_code, name in babel.Locale('en').languages.items()}
 
     # get the native name of every language known by babel
-    for lang_code in filter(lambda lang_code: lang_code.find('_') == -1, locale_identifiers()):
+
-        native_name = Locale(lang_code).get_language_name().lower()
+    for lang_code in filter(lambda lang_code: lang_code.find('_') == -1, babel.localedata.locale_identifiers()):
+        native_name = babel.Locale(lang_code).get_language_name().lower()
         # add native name exactly as it is
-        language_names[native_name] = lang_code
+        catalog_engine2code[native_name] = lang_code
 
         # add "normalized" language name (i.e. français becomes francais and español becomes espanol)
         unaccented_name = ''.join(filter(lambda c: not combining(c), normalize('NFKD', native_name)))
         if len(unaccented_name) == len(unaccented_name.encode()):
             # add only if result is ascii (otherwise "normalization" didn't work)
-            language_names[unaccented_name] = lang_code
+            catalog_engine2code[unaccented_name] = lang_code
+
+    # values that can't be determined by babel's languages names
+
+    catalog_engine2code.update(
+        {
+            # traditional chinese used in ..
+            'fantizhengwen': 'zh_Hant',
+            # Korean alphabet
+            'hangul': 'ko',
+            # Malayalam is one of 22 scheduled languages of India.
+            'malayam': 'ml',
+            'norsk': 'nb',
+            'sinhalese': 'si',
+        }
+    )
+
+    skip_eng_tags = {
+        'english_uk',  # SearXNG lang 'en' already maps to 'english'
+    }
 
-    dom = html.fromstring(resp.text)
-    sp_lang_names = []
     for option in dom.xpath('//form[@name="settings"]//select[@name="language"]/option'):
-        sp_lang_names.append((option.get('value'), extract_text(option).lower()))
 
-    supported_languages = {}
+        eng_tag = option.get('value')
-    for sp_option_value, sp_option_text in sp_lang_names:
+        if eng_tag in skip_eng_tags:
-        lang_code = language_names.get(sp_option_value) or language_names.get(sp_option_text)
+            continue
-        if isinstance(lang_code, str):
+        name = extract_text(option).lower()
-            supported_languages[lang_code] = {'alias': sp_option_value}
-        elif isinstance(lang_code, list):
-            for _lc in lang_code:
-                supported_languages[_lc] = {'alias': sp_option_value}
-        else:
-            print('Unknown language option in Startpage: {} ({})'.format(sp_option_value, sp_option_text))
 
-    return supported_languages
+        sxng_tag = catalog_engine2code.get(eng_tag)
+        if sxng_tag is None:
+            sxng_tag = catalog_engine2code[name]
+
+        conflict = engine_traits.languages.get(sxng_tag)
+        if conflict:
+            if conflict != eng_tag:
+                print("CONFLICT: babel %s --> %s, %s" % (sxng_tag, conflict, eng_tag))
+            continue
+        engine_traits.languages[sxng_tag] = eng_tag

searx/engines/wikidata.py

@@ -1,9 +1,12 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-or-later
 # lint: pylint
-"""Wikidata
+"""This module implements the Wikidata engine.  Some implementations are shared
+from :ref:`wikipedia engine`.
+
 """
 # pylint: disable=missing-class-docstring
 
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
 from hashlib import md5
 from urllib.parse import urlencode, unquote
 from json import loads
@@ -13,12 +16,17 @@ from babel.dates import format_datetime, format_date, format_time, get_datetime_
 
 from searx.data import WIKIDATA_UNITS
 from searx.network import post, get
-from searx.utils import match_language, searx_useragent, get_string_replaces_function
+from searx.utils import searx_useragent, get_string_replaces_function
 from searx.external_urls import get_external_url, get_earth_coordinates_url, area_to_osm_zoom
-from searx.engines.wikipedia import (  # pylint: disable=unused-import
+from searx.engines.wikipedia import fetch_traits as _fetch_traits
-    _fetch_supported_languages,
+from searx.enginelib.traits import EngineTraits
-    supported_languages_url,
+
-)
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    import logging
+
+    logger: logging.Logger
+
+traits: EngineTraits
 
 # about
 about = {
@@ -154,33 +162,35 @@ def send_wikidata_query(query, method='GET'):
 
 
 def request(query, params):
-    language = params['language'].split('-')[0]
+
-    if language == 'all':
+    # wikidata does not support zh-classical (zh_Hans) / zh-TW, zh-HK and zh-CN
-        language = 'en'
+    # mapped to zh
-    else:
+    sxng_lang = params['searxng_locale'].split('-')[0]
-        language = match_language(params['language'], supported_languages, language_aliases).split('-')[0]
+    language = traits.get_language(sxng_lang, 'en')
 
     query, attributes = get_query(query, language)
+    logger.debug("request --> language %s // len(attributes): %s", language, len(attributes))
 
     params['method'] = 'POST'
     params['url'] = SPARQL_ENDPOINT_URL
     params['data'] = {'query': query}
     params['headers'] = get_headers()
-
     params['language'] = language
     params['attributes'] = attributes
+
     return params
 
 
 def response(resp):
+
     results = []
     jsonresponse = loads(resp.content.decode())
 
-    language = resp.search_params['language'].lower()
+    language = resp.search_params['language']
     attributes = resp.search_params['attributes']
+    logger.debug("request --> language %s // len(attributes): %s", language, len(attributes))
 
     seen_entities = set()
-
     for result in jsonresponse.get('results', {}).get('bindings', []):
         attribute_result = {key: value['value'] for key, value in result.items()}
         entity_url = attribute_result['item']
@@ -756,3 +766,15 @@ def init(engine_settings=None):  # pylint: disable=unused-argument
         lang = result['name']['xml:lang']
         entity_id = result['item']['value'].replace('http://www.wikidata.org/entity/', '')
         WIKIDATA_PROPERTIES[(entity_id, lang)] = name.capitalize()
+
+
+def fetch_traits(engine_traits: EngineTraits):
+    """Use languages evaluated from :py:obj:`wikipedia.fetch_traits
+    <searx.engines.wikipedia.fetch_traits>` except zh-classical (zh_Hans) what
+    is not supported by wikidata."""
+
+    _fetch_traits(engine_traits)
+    # wikidata does not support zh-classical (zh_Hans)
+    engine_traits.languages.pop('zh_Hans')
+    # wikidata does not have net-locations for the languages
+    engine_traits.custom['wiki_netloc'] = {}

searx/engines/wikipedia.py

@@ -1,13 +1,26 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-or-later
-"""
+# lint: pylint
- Wikipedia (Web)
+"""This module implements the Wikipedia engine.  Some of this implementations
+are shared by other engines:
+
+- :ref:`wikidata engine`
+
+The list of supported languages is fetched from the article linked by
+:py:obj:`wikipedia_article_depth`.  Unlike traditional search engines, wikipedia
+does not support one Wikipedia for all the languages, but there is one Wikipedia
+for every language (:py:obj:`fetch_traits`).
 """
 
-from urllib.parse import quote
+import urllib.parse
-from json import loads
+import babel
-from lxml.html import fromstring
+
-from searx.utils import match_language, searx_useragent
+from lxml import html
-from searx.network import raise_for_httperror
+
+from searx import network
+from searx.locales import language_tag
+from searx.enginelib.traits import EngineTraits
+
+traits: EngineTraits
 
 # about
 about = {
@@ -19,32 +32,40 @@ about = {
     "results": 'JSON',
 }
 
-
 send_accept_language_header = True
 
-# search-url
+wikipedia_article_depth = 'https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_article_depth'
-search_url = 'https://{language}.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/page/summary/{title}'
+"""The *editing depth* of Wikipedia is one of several possible rough indicators
-supported_languages_url = 'https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias'
+of the encyclopedia's collaborative quality, showing how frequently its articles
-language_variants = {"zh": ("zh-cn", "zh-hk", "zh-mo", "zh-my", "zh-sg", "zh-tw")}
+are updated.  The measurement of depth was introduced after some limitations of
+the classic measurement of article count were realized.
+"""
+
+# example: https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/page/summary/日
+rest_v1_summary_url = 'https://{wiki_netloc}/api/rest_v1/page/summary/{title}'
+"""`wikipedia rest_v1 summary API`_: The summary response includes an extract of
+the first paragraph of the page in plain text and HTML as well as the type of
+page. This is useful for page previews (fka. Hovercards, aka. Popups) on the web
+and link previews in the apps.
+
+.. _wikipedia rest_v1 summary API: https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/#/Page%20content/get_page_summary__title_
+
+"""
 
 
-# set language in base_url
-def url_lang(lang):
-    lang_pre = lang.split('-')[0]
-    if lang_pre == 'all' or lang_pre not in supported_languages and lang_pre not in language_aliases:
-        return 'en'
-    return match_language(lang, supported_languages, language_aliases).split('-')[0]
-
-
-# do search-request
 def request(query, params):
+    """Assemble a request (`wikipedia rest_v1 summary API`_)."""
     if query.islower():
         query = query.title()
 
-    language = url_lang(params['language'])
+    engine_language = traits.get_language(params['searxng_locale'], 'en')
-    params['url'] = search_url.format(title=quote(query), language=language)
+    wiki_netloc = traits.custom['wiki_netloc'].get(engine_language, 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/')
+    title = urllib.parse.quote(query)
+
+    # '!wikipedia 日 :zh-TW' --> https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/
+    # '!wikipedia 日 :zh' --> https://zh.wikipedia.org/
+    params['url'] = rest_v1_summary_url.format(wiki_netloc=wiki_netloc, title=title)
 
-    params['headers']['User-Agent'] = searx_useragent()
     params['raise_for_httperror'] = False
     params['soft_max_redirects'] = 2
 
@@ -53,13 +74,14 @@ def request(query, params):
 
 # get response from search-request
 def response(resp):
+
+    results = []
     if resp.status_code == 404:
         return []
-
     if resp.status_code == 400:
         try:
-            api_result = loads(resp.text)
+            api_result = resp.json()
-        except:
+        except Exception:  # pylint: disable=broad-except
             pass
         else:
             if (
@@ -68,20 +90,14 @@ def response(resp):
             ):
                 return []
 
-    raise_for_httperror(resp)
+    network.raise_for_httperror(resp)
-
-    results = []
-    api_result = loads(resp.text)
-
-    # skip disambiguation pages
-    if api_result.get('type') != 'standard':
-        return []
 
+    api_result = resp.json()
     title = api_result['title']
     wikipedia_link = api_result['content_urls']['desktop']['page']
+    results.append({'url': wikipedia_link, 'title': title, 'content': api_result.get('description', '')})
 
-    results.append({'url': wikipedia_link, 'title': title})
+    if api_result.get('type') == 'standard':
-
         results.append(
             {
                 'infobox': title,
@@ -95,22 +111,114 @@ def response(resp):
     return results
 
 
-# get supported languages from their site
+# Nonstandard language codes
-def _fetch_supported_languages(resp):
+#
-    supported_languages = {}
+# These Wikipedias use language codes that do not conform to the ISO 639
-    dom = fromstring(resp.text)
+# standard (which is how wiki subdomains are chosen nowadays).
-    tables = dom.xpath('//table[contains(@class,"sortable")]')
-    for table in tables:
-        # exclude header row
-        trs = table.xpath('.//tr')[1:]
-        for tr in trs:
-            td = tr.xpath('./td')
-            code = td[3].xpath('./a')[0].text
-            name = td[1].xpath('./a')[0].text
-            english_name = td[1].xpath('./a')[0].text
-            articles = int(td[4].xpath('./a')[0].text.replace(',', ''))
-            # exclude languages with too few articles
-            if articles >= 100:
-                supported_languages[code] = {"name": name, "english_name": english_name}
 
-    return supported_languages
+lang_map = {
+    'be-tarask': 'bel',
+    'ak': 'aka',
+    'als': 'gsw',
+    'bat-smg': 'sgs',
+    'cbk-zam': 'cbk',
+    'fiu-vro': 'vro',
+    'map-bms': 'map',
+    'nrm': 'nrf',
+    'roa-rup': 'rup',
+    'nds-nl': 'nds',
+    #'simple: – invented code used for the Simple English Wikipedia (not the official IETF code en-simple)
+    'zh-min-nan': 'nan',
+    'zh-yue': 'yue',
+    'an': 'arg',
+    'zh-classical': 'zh-Hant',  # babel maps classical to zh-Hans (for whatever reason)
+}
+
+unknown_langs = [
+    'an',  # Aragonese
+    'ba',  # Bashkir
+    'bar',  # Bavarian
+    'bcl',  # Central Bicolano
+    'be-tarask',  # Belarusian variant / Belarusian is already covered by 'be'
+    'bpy',  # Bishnupriya Manipuri is unknown by babel
+    'hif',  # Fiji Hindi
+    'ilo',  # Ilokano
+    'li',  # Limburgish
+    'sco',  # Scots (sco) is not known by babel, Scottish Gaelic (gd) is known by babel
+    'sh',  # Serbo-Croatian
+    'simple',  # simple english is not know as a natural language different to english (babel)
+    'vo',  # Volapük
+    'wa',  # Walloon
+]
+
+
+def fetch_traits(engine_traits: EngineTraits):
+    """Fetch languages from Wikipedia.
+
+    The location of the Wikipedia address of a language is mapped in a
+    :py:obj:`custom field <searx.enginelib.traits.EngineTraits.custom>`
+    (``wiki_netloc``).  Here is a reduced example:
+
+    .. code:: python
+
+       traits.custom['wiki_netloc'] = {
+           "en": "en.wikipedia.org",
+           ..
+           "gsw": "als.wikipedia.org",
+           ..
+           "zh": "zh.wikipedia.org",
+           "zh-classical": "zh-classical.wikipedia.org"
+       }
+
+    """
+
+    engine_traits.custom['wiki_netloc'] = {}
+
+    # insert alias to map from a region like zh-CN to a language zh_Hans
+    engine_traits.languages['zh_Hans'] = 'zh'
+
+    resp = network.get(wikipedia_article_depth)
+    if not resp.ok:
+        print("ERROR: response from Wikipedia is not OK.")
+
+    dom = html.fromstring(resp.text)
+    for row in dom.xpath('//table[contains(@class,"sortable")]//tbody/tr'):
+
+        cols = row.xpath('./td')
+        if not cols:
+            continue
+        cols = [c.text_content().strip() for c in cols]
+
+        depth = float(cols[3].replace('-', '0').replace(',', ''))
+        articles = int(cols[4].replace(',', '').replace(',', ''))
+
+        if articles < 10000:
+            # exclude languages with too few articles
+            continue
+
+        if int(depth) < 20:
+            # Rough indicator of a Wikipedia’s quality, showing how frequently
+            # its articles are updated.
+            continue
+
+        eng_tag = cols[2]
+        wiki_url = row.xpath('./td[3]/a/@href')[0]
+        wiki_url = urllib.parse.urlparse(wiki_url)
+
+        if eng_tag in unknown_langs:
+            continue
+
+        try:
+            sxng_tag = language_tag(babel.Locale.parse(lang_map.get(eng_tag, eng_tag), sep='-'))
+        except babel.UnknownLocaleError:
+            print("ERROR: %s [%s] is unknown by babel" % (cols[0], eng_tag))
+            continue
+
+        conflict = engine_traits.languages.get(sxng_tag)
+        if conflict:
+            if conflict != eng_tag:
+                print("CONFLICT: babel %s --> %s, %s" % (sxng_tag, conflict, eng_tag))
+            continue
+
+        engine_traits.languages[sxng_tag] = eng_tag
+        engine_traits.custom['wiki_netloc'][eng_tag] = wiki_url.netloc

searx/engines/yahoo.py

@@ -17,8 +17,10 @@ from searx.utils import (
     eval_xpath_getindex,
     eval_xpath_list,
     extract_text,
-    match_language,
 )
+from searx.enginelib.traits import EngineTraits
+
+traits: EngineTraits
 
 # about
 about = {
@@ -34,8 +36,7 @@ about = {
 categories = ['general', 'web']
 paging = True
 time_range_support = True
-supported_languages_url = 'https://search.yahoo.com/preferences/languages'
+# send_accept_language_header = True
-"""Supported languages are read from Yahoo preference page."""
 
 time_range_dict = {
     'day': ('1d', 'd'),
@@ -43,15 +44,10 @@ time_range_dict = {
     'month': ('1m', 'm'),
 }
 
-language_aliases = {
-    'zh-HK': 'zh_chs',
-    'zh-CN': 'zh_chs',  # dead since 2015 / routed to hk.search.yahoo.com
-    'zh-TW': 'zh_cht',
-}
-
 lang2domain = {
     'zh_chs': 'hk.search.yahoo.com',
     'zh_cht': 'tw.search.yahoo.com',
+    'any': 'search.yahoo.com',
     'en': 'search.yahoo.com',
     'bg': 'search.yahoo.com',
     'cs': 'search.yahoo.com',
@@ -67,21 +63,23 @@ lang2domain = {
 }
 """Map language to domain"""
 
-
+locale_aliases = {
-def _get_language(params):
+    'zh': 'zh_Hans',
-
+    'zh-HK': 'zh_Hans',
-    lang = language_aliases.get(params['language'])
+    'zh-CN': 'zh_Hans',  # dead since 2015 / routed to hk.search.yahoo.com
-    if lang is None:
+    'zh-TW': 'zh_Hant',
-        lang = match_language(params['language'], supported_languages, language_aliases)
+}
-    lang = lang.split('-')[0]
-    logger.debug("params['language']: %s --> %s", params['language'], lang)
-    return lang
 
 
 def request(query, params):
     """build request"""
+
+    lang = locale_aliases.get(params['language'], None)
+    if not lang:
+        lang = params['language'].split('-')[0]
+    lang = traits.get_language(lang, traits.all_locale)
+
     offset = (params['pageno'] - 1) * 7 + 1
-    lang = _get_language(params)
     age, btf = time_range_dict.get(params['time_range'], ('', ''))
 
     args = urlencode(
@@ -154,13 +152,37 @@ def response(resp):
     return results
 
 
-# get supported languages from their site
+def fetch_traits(engine_traits: EngineTraits):
-def _fetch_supported_languages(resp):
+    """Fetch languages from yahoo"""
-    supported_languages = []
+
+    # pylint: disable=import-outside-toplevel
+    import babel
+    from searx import network
+    from searx.locales import language_tag
+
+    engine_traits.all_locale = 'any'
+
+    resp = network.get('https://search.yahoo.com/preferences/languages')
+    if not resp.ok:
+        print("ERROR: response from peertube is not OK.")
+
     dom = html.fromstring(resp.text)
     offset = len('lang_')
 
-    for val in eval_xpath_list(dom, '//div[contains(@class, "lang-item")]/input/@value'):
+    eng2sxng = {'zh_chs': 'zh_Hans', 'zh_cht': 'zh_Hant'}
-        supported_languages.append(val[offset:])
 
-    return supported_languages
+    for val in eval_xpath_list(dom, '//div[contains(@class, "lang-item")]/input/@value'):
+        eng_tag = val[offset:]
+
+        try:
+            sxng_tag = language_tag(babel.Locale.parse(eng2sxng.get(eng_tag, eng_tag)))
+        except babel.UnknownLocaleError:
+            print('ERROR: unknown language --> %s' % eng_tag)
+            continue
+
+        conflict = engine_traits.languages.get(sxng_tag)
+        if conflict:
+            if conflict != eng_tag:
+                print("CONFLICT: babel %s --> %s, %s" % (sxng_tag, conflict, eng_tag))
+            continue
+        engine_traits.languages[sxng_tag] = eng_tag

searx/locales.py

@@ -4,11 +4,11 @@
 """Initialize :py:obj:`LOCALE_NAMES`, :py:obj:`RTL_LOCALES`.
 """
 
-from typing import Set
+from typing import Set, Optional, List
 import os
 import pathlib
 
-from babel import Locale
+import babel
 from babel.support import Translations
 import babel.languages
 import babel.core
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ def locales_initialize(directory=None):
     flask_babel.get_translations = get_translations
 
     for tag, descr in ADDITIONAL_TRANSLATIONS.items():
-        locale = Locale.parse(LOCALE_BEST_MATCH[tag], sep='-')
+        locale = babel.Locale.parse(LOCALE_BEST_MATCH[tag], sep='-')
         LOCALE_NAMES[tag] = descr
         if locale.text_direction == 'rtl':
             RTL_LOCALES.add(tag)
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ def locales_initialize(directory=None):
     for tag in LOCALE_BEST_MATCH:
         descr = LOCALE_NAMES.get(tag)
         if not descr:
-            locale = Locale.parse(tag, sep='-')
+            locale = babel.Locale.parse(tag, sep='-')
             LOCALE_NAMES[tag] = get_locale_descr(locale, tag.replace('-', '_'))
             if locale.text_direction == 'rtl':
                 RTL_LOCALES.add(tag)
@@ -154,12 +154,77 @@ def locales_initialize(directory=None):
         tag = dirname.replace('_', '-')
         descr = LOCALE_NAMES.get(tag)
         if not descr:
-            locale = Locale.parse(dirname)
+            locale = babel.Locale.parse(dirname)
             LOCALE_NAMES[tag] = get_locale_descr(locale, dirname)
             if locale.text_direction == 'rtl':
                 RTL_LOCALES.add(tag)
 
 
+def region_tag(locale: babel.Locale) -> str:
+    """Returns SearXNG's region tag from the locale (e.g. zh-TW , en-US)."""
+    if not locale.territory:
+        raise ValueError('%s missed a territory')
+    return locale.language + '-' + locale.territory
+
+
+def language_tag(locale: babel.Locale) -> str:
+    """Returns SearXNG's language tag from the locale and if exits, the tag
+    includes the script name (e.g. en, zh_Hant).
+    """
+    sxng_lang = locale.language
+    if locale.script:
+        sxng_lang += '_' + locale.script
+    return sxng_lang
+
+
+def get_locale(locale_tag: str) -> Optional[babel.Locale]:
+    """Returns a :py:obj:`babel.Locale` object parsed from argument
+    ``locale_tag``"""
+    try:
+        locale = babel.Locale.parse(locale_tag, sep='-')
+        return locale
+
+    except babel.core.UnknownLocaleError:
+        return None
+
+
+def get_offical_locales(
+    territory: str, languages=None, regional: bool = False, de_facto: bool = True
+) -> Set[babel.Locale]:
+    """Returns a list of :py:obj:`babel.Locale` with languages from
+    :py:obj:`babel.languages.get_official_languages`.
+
+    :param territory: The territory (country or region) code.
+
+    :param languages: A list of language codes the languages from
+      :py:obj:`babel.languages.get_official_languages` should be in
+      (intersection).  If this argument is ``None``, all official languages in
+      this territory are used.
+
+    :param regional: If the regional flag is set, then languages which are
+      regionally official are also returned.
+
+    :param de_facto: If the de_facto flag is set to `False`, then languages
+      which are “de facto” official are not returned.
+
+    """
+    ret_val = set()
+    o_languages = babel.languages.get_official_languages(territory, regional=regional, de_facto=de_facto)
+
+    if languages:
+        languages = [l.lower() for l in languages]
+        o_languages = set(l for l in o_languages if l.lower() in languages)
+
+    for lang in o_languages:
+        try:
+            locale = babel.Locale.parse(lang + '_' + territory)
+            ret_val.add(locale)
+        except babel.UnknownLocaleError:
+            continue
+
+    return ret_val
+
+
 def get_engine_locale(searxng_locale, engine_locales, default=None):
     """Return engine's language (aka locale) string that best fits to argument
     ``searxng_locale``.
@@ -177,6 +242,10 @@ def get_engine_locale(searxng_locale, engine_locales, default=None):
           ...
           'pl-PL'          : 'pl_PL',
           'pt-PT'          : 'pt_PT'
+          ..
+          'zh'             : 'zh'
+          'zh_Hans'        : 'zh'
+          'zh_Hant'        : 'zh-classical'
       }
 
     .. hint::
@@ -210,13 +279,13 @@ def get_engine_locale(searxng_locale, engine_locales, default=None):
       engine.
 
     """
-    # pylint: disable=too-many-branches
+    # pylint: disable=too-many-branches, too-many-return-statements
 
     engine_locale = engine_locales.get(searxng_locale)
 
     if engine_locale is not None:
-        # There was a 1:1 mapping (e.g. "fr-BE --> fr_BE" or "fr --> fr_FR"), no
+        # There was a 1:1 mapping (e.g. a region "fr-BE --> fr_BE" or a language
-        # need to narrow language nor territory.
+        # "zh --> zh"), no need to narrow language-script nor territory.
         return engine_locale
 
     try:
@@ -227,6 +296,12 @@ def get_engine_locale(searxng_locale, engine_locales, default=None):
         except babel.core.UnknownLocaleError:
             return default
 
+    searxng_lang = language_tag(locale)
+    engine_locale = engine_locales.get(searxng_lang)
+    if engine_locale is not None:
+        # There was a 1:1 mapping (e.g. "zh-HK --> zh_Hant" or "zh-CN --> zh_Hans")
+        return engine_locale
+
     # SearXNG's selected locale is not supported by the engine ..
 
     if locale.territory:
@@ -247,10 +322,6 @@ def get_engine_locale(searxng_locale, engine_locales, default=None):
 
     if locale.language:
 
-        searxng_lang = locale.language
-        if locale.script:
-            searxng_lang += '_' + locale.script
-
         terr_lang_dict = {}
         for territory, langs in babel.core.get_global("territory_languages").items():
             if not langs.get(searxng_lang, {}).get('official_status'):
@@ -303,3 +374,98 @@ def get_engine_locale(searxng_locale, engine_locales, default=None):
         engine_locale = default
 
     return default
+
+
+def match_locale(searxng_locale: str, locale_tag_list: List[str], fallback: Optional[str] = None) -> Optional[str]:
+    """Return tag from ``locale_tag_list`` that best fits to ``searxng_locale``.
+
+    :param str searxng_locale: SearXNG's internal representation of locale (de,
+        de-DE, fr-BE, zh, zh-CN, zh-TW ..).
+
+    :param list locale_tag_list: The list of locale tags to select from
+
+    :param str fallback: fallback locale tag (if unset --> ``None``)
+
+    The rules to find a match are implemented in :py:obj:`get_engine_locale`,
+    the ``engine_locales`` is build up by :py:obj:`build_engine_locales`.
+
+    .. hint::
+
+       The *SearXNG locale* string and the members of ``locale_tag_list`` has to
+       be known by babel!  The :py:obj:`ADDITIONAL_TRANSLATIONS` are used in the
+       UI and are not known by babel --> will be ignored.
+    """
+
+    # searxng_locale = 'es'
+    # locale_tag_list = ['es-AR', 'es-ES', 'es-MX']
+
+    if not searxng_locale:
+        return fallback
+
+    locale = get_locale(searxng_locale)
+    if locale is None:
+        return fallback
+
+    # normalize to a SearXNG locale that can be passed to get_engine_locale
+
+    searxng_locale = language_tag(locale)
+    if locale.territory:
+        searxng_locale = region_tag(locale)
+
+    # clean up locale_tag_list
+
+    tag_list = []
+    for tag in locale_tag_list:
+        if tag in ('all', 'auto') or tag in ADDITIONAL_TRANSLATIONS:
+            continue
+        tag_list.append(tag)
+
+    # emulate fetch_traits
+    engine_locales = build_engine_locales(tag_list)
+    return get_engine_locale(searxng_locale, engine_locales, default=fallback)
+
+
+def build_engine_locales(tag_list: List[str]):
+    """From a list of locale tags a dictionary is build that can be passed by
+    argument ``engine_locales`` to :py:obj:`get_engine_locale`.  This function
+    is mainly used by :py:obj:`match_locale` and is similar to what the
+    ``fetch_traits(..)`` function of engines do.
+
+    If there are territory codes in the ``tag_list`` that have a *script code*
+    additional keys are added to the returned dictionary.
+
+    .. code:: python
+
+       >>> import locales
+       >>> engine_locales = locales.build_engine_locales(['en', 'en-US', 'zh', 'zh-CN', 'zh-TW'])
+       >>> engine_locales
+       {
+           'en': 'en', 'en-US': 'en-US',
+           'zh': 'zh', 'zh-CN': 'zh-CN', 'zh_Hans': 'zh-CN',
+           'zh-TW': 'zh-TW', 'zh_Hant': 'zh-TW'
+       }
+       >>> get_engine_locale('zh-Hans', engine_locales)
+       'zh-CN'
+
+    This function is a good example to understand the language/region model
+    of SearXNG:
+
+      SearXNG only distinguishes between **search languages** and **search
+      regions**, by adding the *script-tags*, languages with *script-tags* can
+      be assigned to the **regions** that SearXNG supports.
+
+    """
+    engine_locales = {}
+
+    for tag in tag_list:
+        locale = get_locale(tag)
+        if locale is None:
+            logger.warn("build_engine_locales: skip locale tag %s / unknown by babel", tag)
+            continue
+        if locale.territory:
+            engine_locales[region_tag(locale)] = tag
+            if locale.script:
+                engine_locales[language_tag(locale)] = tag
+        else:
+            engine_locales[language_tag(locale)] = tag
+    return engine_locales

searx/preferences.py

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ from typing import Iterable, Dict, List
 import flask
 
 from searx import settings, autocomplete
-from searx.engines import Engine
+from searx.enginelib import Engine
 from searx.plugins import Plugin
 from searx.locales import LOCALE_NAMES
 from searx.webutils import VALID_LANGUAGE_CODE

searx/query.py

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ from abc import abstractmethod, ABC
 import re
 
 from searx import settings
-from searx.languages import language_codes
+from searx.sxng_locales import sxng_locales
 from searx.engines import categories, engines, engine_shortcuts
 from searx.external_bang import get_bang_definition_and_autocomplete
 from searx.search import EngineRef
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ class LanguageParser(QueryPartParser):
         found = False
         # check if any language-code is equal with
         # declared language-codes
-        for lc in language_codes:
+        for lc in sxng_locales:
             lang_id, lang_name, country, english_name, _flag = map(str.lower, lc)
 
             # if correct language-code is found
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ class LanguageParser(QueryPartParser):
                     self.raw_text_query.autocomplete_list.append(lang)
             return
 
-        for lc in language_codes:
+        for lc in sxng_locales:
             if lc[0] not in settings['search']['languages']:
                 continue
             lang_id, lang_name, country, english_name, _flag = map(str.lower, lc)

searx/search/processors/__init__.py

@@ -30,7 +30,10 @@ from .abstract import EngineProcessor
 
 logger = logger.getChild('search.processors')
 PROCESSORS: Dict[str, EngineProcessor] = {}
-"""Cache request processores, stored by *engine-name* (:py:func:`initialize`)"""
+"""Cache request processores, stored by *engine-name* (:py:func:`initialize`)
+
+:meta hide-value:
+"""
 
 
 def get_processor_class(engine_type):

searx/search/processors/abstract.py

@@ -138,7 +138,8 @@ class EngineProcessor(ABC):
         return False
 
     def get_params(self, search_query, engine_category):
-        """Returns a set of *request params* or ``None`` if request is not supported.
+        """Returns a set of (see :ref:`request params <engine request arguments>`) or
+        ``None`` if request is not supported.
 
         Not supported conditions (``None`` is returned):
 
@@ -159,11 +160,20 @@ class EngineProcessor(ABC):
         params['safesearch'] = search_query.safesearch
         params['time_range'] = search_query.time_range
         params['engine_data'] = search_query.engine_data.get(self.engine_name, {})
+        params['searxng_locale'] = search_query.lang
+
+        # deprecated / vintage --> use params['searxng_locale']
+        #
+        # Conditions related to engine's traits are implemented in engine.traits
+        # module. Don't do 'locale' decissions here in the abstract layer of the
+        # search processor, just pass the value from user's choice unchanged to
+        # the engine request.
 
         if hasattr(self.engine, 'language') and self.engine.language:
             params['language'] = self.engine.language
         else:
             params['language'] = search_query.lang
+
         return params
 
     @abstractmethod

searx/search/processors/online.py

@@ -51,6 +51,9 @@ class OnlineProcessor(EngineProcessor):
         super().initialize()
 
     def get_params(self, search_query, engine_category):
+        """Returns a set of :ref:`request params <engine request online>` or ``None``
+        if request is not supported.
+        """
         params = super().get_params(search_query, engine_category)
         if params is None:
             return None
@@ -184,11 +187,6 @@ class OnlineProcessor(EngineProcessor):
             self.handle_exception(result_container, e, suspend=True)
             self.logger.exception('CAPTCHA')
         except SearxEngineTooManyRequestsException as e:
-            if "google" in self.engine_name:
-                self.logger.warn(
-                    "Set to 'true' the use_mobile_ui parameter in the 'engines:'"
-                    " section of your settings.yml file if google is blocked for you."
-                )
             self.handle_exception(result_container, e, suspend=True)
             self.logger.exception('Too many requests')
         except SearxEngineAccessDeniedException as e:
@@ -223,7 +221,7 @@ class OnlineProcessor(EngineProcessor):
                 'test': ['unique_results'],
             }
 
-        if getattr(self.engine, 'supported_languages', []):
+        if getattr(self.engine, 'traits', False):
             tests['lang_fr'] = {
                 'matrix': {'query': 'paris', 'lang': 'fr'},
                 'result_container': ['not_empty', ('has_language', 'fr')],

searx/search/processors/online_currency.py

@@ -38,8 +38,8 @@ class OnlineCurrencyProcessor(OnlineProcessor):
     engine_type = 'online_currency'
 
     def get_params(self, search_query, engine_category):
-        """Returns a set of *request params* or ``None`` if search query does not match
+        """Returns a set of :ref:`request params <engine request online_currency>`
-        to :py:obj:`parser_re`."""
+        or ``None`` if search query does not match to :py:obj:`parser_re`."""
 
         params = super().get_params(search_query, engine_category)
         if params is None:

searx/search/processors/online_dictionary.py

@@ -18,8 +18,9 @@ class OnlineDictionaryProcessor(OnlineProcessor):
     engine_type = 'online_dictionary'
 
     def get_params(self, search_query, engine_category):
-        """Returns a set of *request params* or ``None`` if search query does not match
+        """Returns a set of :ref:`request params <engine request online_dictionary>` or
-        to :py:obj:`parser_re`."""
+        ``None`` if search query does not match to :py:obj:`parser_re`.
+        """
         params = super().get_params(search_query, engine_category)
         if params is None:
             return None

searx/search/processors/online_url_search.py

@@ -20,9 +20,10 @@ class OnlineUrlSearchProcessor(OnlineProcessor):
     engine_type = 'online_url_search'
 
     def get_params(self, search_query, engine_category):
-        """Returns a set of *request params* or ``None`` if search query does not match
+        """Returns a set of :ref:`request params <engine request online>` or ``None`` if
-        to at least one of :py:obj:`re_search_urls`.
+        search query does not match to :py:obj:`re_search_urls`.
         """
+
         params = super().get_params(search_query, engine_category)
         if params is None:
             return None

searx/settings.yml

@@ -731,22 +731,9 @@ engines:
   - name: google
     engine: google
     shortcut: go
-    # see https://docs.searxng.org/src/searx.engines.google.html#module-searx.engines.google
-    use_mobile_ui: false
     # additional_tests:
     #   android: *test_android
 
-  # - name: google italian
-  #   engine: google
-  #   shortcut: goit
-  #   use_mobile_ui: false
-  #   language: it
-
-  # - name: google mobile ui
-  #   engine: google
-  #   shortcut: gomui
-  #   use_mobile_ui: true
-
   - name: google images
     engine: google_images
     shortcut: goi
@@ -1758,9 +1745,8 @@ engines:
     engine: peertube
     shortcut: ptb
     paging: true
-    # https://instances.joinpeertube.org/instances
+    # alternatives see: https://instances.joinpeertube.org/instances
-    base_url: https://peertube.biz/
+    # base_url: https://tube.4aem.com
-    # base_url: https://tube.tardis.world/
     categories: videos
     disabled: true
     timeout: 6.0

searx/settings_defaults.py

@@ -12,13 +12,13 @@ import logging
 from base64 import b64decode
 from os.path import dirname, abspath
 
-from searx.languages import language_codes as languages
+from .sxng_locales import sxng_locales
 
 searx_dir = abspath(dirname(__file__))
 
 logger = logging.getLogger('searx')
 OUTPUT_FORMATS = ['html', 'csv', 'json', 'rss']
-LANGUAGE_CODES = ['all', 'auto'] + list(l[0] for l in languages)
+SXNG_LOCALE_TAGS = ['all', 'auto'] + list(l[0] for l in sxng_locales)
 SIMPLE_STYLE = ('auto', 'light', 'dark')
 CATEGORIES_AS_TABS = {
     'general': {},
@@ -156,8 +156,8 @@ SCHEMA = {
         'safe_search': SettingsValue((0, 1, 2), 0),
         'autocomplete': SettingsValue(str, ''),
         'autocomplete_min': SettingsValue(int, 4),
-        'default_lang': SettingsValue(tuple(LANGUAGE_CODES + ['']), ''),
+        'default_lang': SettingsValue(tuple(SXNG_LOCALE_TAGS + ['']), ''),
-        'languages': SettingSublistValue(LANGUAGE_CODES, LANGUAGE_CODES),
+        'languages': SettingSublistValue(SXNG_LOCALE_TAGS, SXNG_LOCALE_TAGS),
         'ban_time_on_fail': SettingsValue(numbers.Real, 5),
         'max_ban_time_on_fail': SettingsValue(numbers.Real, 120),
         'suspended_times': {

searx/sxng_locales.py

@@ -1,73 +1,120 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-# list of language codes
+'''List of SearXNG's locale codes.
-# this file is generated automatically by utils/fetch_languages.py
+
-language_codes = (
+This file is generated automatically by::
-    ('af-ZA', 'Afrikaans', 'Suid-Afrika', 'Afrikaans', '\U0001f1ff\U0001f1e6'),
+
-    ('ar-EG', 'العربية', 'مصر', 'Arabic', '\U0001f1ea\U0001f1ec'),
+   ./manage pyenv.cmd searxng_extra/update/update_engine_traits.py
-    ('be-BY', 'Беларуская', 'Беларусь', 'Belarusian', '\U0001f1e7\U0001f1fe'),
+'''
+
+sxng_locales = (
+    ('ar', 'العربية', '', 'Arabic', '\U0001f310'),
+    ('bg', 'Български', '', 'Bulgarian', '\U0001f310'),
     ('bg-BG', 'Български', 'България', 'Bulgarian', '\U0001f1e7\U0001f1ec'),
+    ('ca', 'Català', '', 'Catalan', '\U0001f310'),
     ('ca-ES', 'Català', 'Espanya', 'Catalan', '\U0001f1ea\U0001f1f8'),
+    ('cs', 'Čeština', '', 'Czech', '\U0001f310'),
     ('cs-CZ', 'Čeština', 'Česko', 'Czech', '\U0001f1e8\U0001f1ff'),
+    ('da', 'Dansk', '', 'Danish', '\U0001f310'),
     ('da-DK', 'Dansk', 'Danmark', 'Danish', '\U0001f1e9\U0001f1f0'),
     ('de', 'Deutsch', '', 'German', '\U0001f310'),
     ('de-AT', 'Deutsch', 'Österreich', 'German', '\U0001f1e6\U0001f1f9'),
     ('de-CH', 'Deutsch', 'Schweiz', 'German', '\U0001f1e8\U0001f1ed'),
     ('de-DE', 'Deutsch', 'Deutschland', 'German', '\U0001f1e9\U0001f1ea'),
+    ('el', 'Ελληνικά', '', 'Greek', '\U0001f310'),
     ('el-GR', 'Ελληνικά', 'Ελλάδα', 'Greek', '\U0001f1ec\U0001f1f7'),
     ('en', 'English', '', 'English', '\U0001f310'),
     ('en-AU', 'English', 'Australia', 'English', '\U0001f1e6\U0001f1fa'),
     ('en-CA', 'English', 'Canada', 'English', '\U0001f1e8\U0001f1e6'),
     ('en-GB', 'English', 'United Kingdom', 'English', '\U0001f1ec\U0001f1e7'),
     ('en-IE', 'English', 'Ireland', 'English', '\U0001f1ee\U0001f1ea'),
+    ('en-IN', 'English', 'India', 'English', '\U0001f1ee\U0001f1f3'),
     ('en-MY', 'English', 'Malaysia', 'English', '\U0001f1f2\U0001f1fe'),
     ('en-NZ', 'English', 'New Zealand', 'English', '\U0001f1f3\U0001f1ff'),
+    ('en-PH', 'English', 'Philippines', 'English', '\U0001f1f5\U0001f1ed'),
     ('en-US', 'English', 'United States', 'English', '\U0001f1fa\U0001f1f8'),
+    ('en-ZA', 'English', 'South Africa', 'English', '\U0001f1ff\U0001f1e6'),
     ('es', 'Español', '', 'Spanish', '\U0001f310'),
     ('es-AR', 'Español', 'Argentina', 'Spanish', '\U0001f1e6\U0001f1f7'),
     ('es-CL', 'Español', 'Chile', 'Spanish', '\U0001f1e8\U0001f1f1'),
     ('es-ES', 'Español', 'España', 'Spanish', '\U0001f1ea\U0001f1f8'),
     ('es-MX', 'Español', 'México', 'Spanish', '\U0001f1f2\U0001f1fd'),
+    ('es-US', 'Español', 'Estados Unidos', 'Spanish', '\U0001f1fa\U0001f1f8'),
+    ('et', 'Eesti', '', 'Estonian', '\U0001f310'),
     ('et-EE', 'Eesti', 'Eesti', 'Estonian', '\U0001f1ea\U0001f1ea'),
-    ('fa-IR', 'فارسی', 'ایران', 'Persian', '\U0001f1ee\U0001f1f7'),
+    ('fi', 'Suomi', '', 'Finnish', '\U0001f310'),
     ('fi-FI', 'Suomi', 'Suomi', 'Finnish', '\U0001f1eb\U0001f1ee'),
-    ('fil-PH', 'Filipino', 'Pilipinas', 'Filipino', '\U0001f1f5\U0001f1ed'),
     ('fr', 'Français', '', 'French', '\U0001f310'),
     ('fr-BE', 'Français', 'Belgique', 'French', '\U0001f1e7\U0001f1ea'),
     ('fr-CA', 'Français', 'Canada', 'French', '\U0001f1e8\U0001f1e6'),
     ('fr-CH', 'Français', 'Suisse', 'French', '\U0001f1e8\U0001f1ed'),
     ('fr-FR', 'Français', 'France', 'French', '\U0001f1eb\U0001f1f7'),
-    ('he-IL', 'עברית', 'ישראל', 'Hebrew', '\U0001f1ee\U0001f1f1'),
+    ('he', 'עברית', '', 'Hebrew', '\U0001f1ee\U0001f1f7'),
-    ('hi-IN', 'हिन्दी', 'भारत', 'Hindi', '\U0001f1ee\U0001f1f3'),
+    ('hi', 'हिन्दी', '', 'Hindi', '\U0001f310'),
-    ('hr-HR', 'Hrvatski', 'Hrvatska', 'Croatian', '\U0001f1ed\U0001f1f7'),
+    ('hr', 'Hrvatski', '', 'Croatian', '\U0001f310'),
+    ('hu', 'Magyar', '', 'Hungarian', '\U0001f310'),
     ('hu-HU', 'Magyar', 'Magyarország', 'Hungarian', '\U0001f1ed\U0001f1fa'),
+    ('id', 'Indonesia', '', 'Indonesian', '\U0001f310'),
     ('id-ID', 'Indonesia', 'Indonesia', 'Indonesian', '\U0001f1ee\U0001f1e9'),
-    ('is-IS', 'Íslenska', 'Ísland', 'Icelandic', '\U0001f1ee\U0001f1f8'),
+    ('is', 'Íslenska', '', 'Icelandic', '\U0001f310'),
+    ('it', 'Italiano', '', 'Italian', '\U0001f310'),
+    ('it-CH', 'Italiano', 'Svizzera', 'Italian', '\U0001f1e8\U0001f1ed'),
     ('it-IT', 'Italiano', 'Italia', 'Italian', '\U0001f1ee\U0001f1f9'),
+    ('ja', '日本語', '', 'Japanese', '\U0001f310'),
     ('ja-JP', '日本語', '日本', 'Japanese', '\U0001f1ef\U0001f1f5'),
+    ('ko', '한국어', '', 'Korean', '\U0001f310'),
     ('ko-KR', '한국어', '대한민국', 'Korean', '\U0001f1f0\U0001f1f7'),
-    ('lt-LT', 'Lietuvių', 'Lietuva', 'Lithuanian', '\U0001f1f1\U0001f1f9'),
+    ('lt', 'Lietuvių', '', 'Lithuanian', '\U0001f310'),
-    ('lv-LV', 'Latviešu', 'Latvija', 'Latvian', '\U0001f1f1\U0001f1fb'),
+    ('lv', 'Latviešu', '', 'Latvian', '\U0001f310'),
+    ('nb', 'Norsk Bokmål', '', 'Norwegian Bokmål', '\U0001f310'),
+    ('nb-NO', 'Norsk Bokmål', 'Norge', 'Norwegian Bokmål', '\U0001f1f3\U0001f1f4'),
     ('nl', 'Nederlands', '', 'Dutch', '\U0001f310'),
     ('nl-BE', 'Nederlands', 'België', 'Dutch', '\U0001f1e7\U0001f1ea'),
     ('nl-NL', 'Nederlands', 'Nederland', 'Dutch', '\U0001f1f3\U0001f1f1'),
-    ('no-NO', 'Norsk', '', 'Norwegian (Bokmål)', '\U0001f1f3\U0001f1f4'),
+    ('pl', 'Polski', '', 'Polish', '\U0001f310'),
     ('pl-PL', 'Polski', 'Polska', 'Polish', '\U0001f1f5\U0001f1f1'),
     ('pt', 'Português', '', 'Portuguese', '\U0001f310'),
     ('pt-BR', 'Português', 'Brasil', 'Portuguese', '\U0001f1e7\U0001f1f7'),
     ('pt-PT', 'Português', 'Portugal', 'Portuguese', '\U0001f1f5\U0001f1f9'),
+    ('ro', 'Română', '', 'Romanian', '\U0001f310'),
     ('ro-RO', 'Română', 'România', 'Romanian', '\U0001f1f7\U0001f1f4'),
+    ('ru', 'Русский', '', 'Russian', '\U0001f310'),
     ('ru-RU', 'Русский', 'Россия', 'Russian', '\U0001f1f7\U0001f1fa'),
-    ('sk-SK', 'Slovenčina', 'Slovensko', 'Slovak', '\U0001f1f8\U0001f1f0'),
+    ('sk', 'Slovenčina', '', 'Slovak', '\U0001f310'),
-    ('sl-SI', 'Slovenščina', 'Slovenija', 'Slovenian', '\U0001f1f8\U0001f1ee'),
+    ('sl', 'Slovenščina', '', 'Slovenian', '\U0001f310'),
-    ('sr-RS', 'Српски', 'Србија', 'Serbian', '\U0001f1f7\U0001f1f8'),
+    ('sr', 'Српски', '', 'Serbian', '\U0001f310'),
+    ('sv', 'Svenska', '', 'Swedish', '\U0001f310'),
     ('sv-SE', 'Svenska', 'Sverige', 'Swedish', '\U0001f1f8\U0001f1ea'),
-    ('sw-TZ', 'Kiswahili', 'Tanzania', 'Swahili', '\U0001f1f9\U0001f1ff'),
+    ('th', 'ไทย', '', 'Thai', '\U0001f310'),
     ('th-TH', 'ไทย', 'ไทย', 'Thai', '\U0001f1f9\U0001f1ed'),
+    ('tr', 'Türkçe', '', 'Turkish', '\U0001f310'),
     ('tr-TR', 'Türkçe', 'Türkiye', 'Turkish', '\U0001f1f9\U0001f1f7'),
-    ('uk-UA', 'Українська', 'Україна', 'Ukrainian', '\U0001f1fa\U0001f1e6'),
+    ('uk', 'Українська', '', 'Ukrainian', '\U0001f310'),
-    ('vi-VN', 'Tiếng Việt', 'Việt Nam', 'Vietnamese', '\U0001f1fb\U0001f1f3'),
+    ('vi', 'Tiếng Việt', '', 'Vietnamese', '\U0001f310'),
     ('zh', '中文', '', 'Chinese', '\U0001f310'),
     ('zh-CN', '中文', '中国', 'Chinese', '\U0001f1e8\U0001f1f3'),
-    ('zh-HK', '中文', '中國香港', 'Chinese', '\U0001f1ed\U0001f1f0'),
+    ('zh-HK', '中文', '中國香港特別行政區', 'Chinese', '\U0001f1ed\U0001f1f0'),
     ('zh-TW', '中文', '台灣', 'Chinese', '\U0001f1f9\U0001f1fc'),
 )
+'''
+A list of five-digit tuples:
+
+0. SearXNG's internal locale tag (a language or region tag)
+1. Name of the language (:py:obj:`babel.core.Locale.get_language_name`)
+2. For region tags the name of the region (:py:obj:`babel.core.Locale.get_territory_name`).
+   Empty string for language tags.
+3. English language name (from :py:obj:`babel.core.Locale.english_name`)
+4. Unicode flag (emoji) that fits to SearXNG's internal region tag. Languages
+   are represented by a globe (🌐)
+
+.. code:: python
+
+   ('en',    'English', '',              'English', '🌐'),
+   ('en-CA', 'English', 'Canada',        'English', '🇨🇦'),
+   ('en-US', 'English', 'United States', 'English', '🇺🇸'),
+   ..
+   ('fr',    'Français', '',             'French',  '🌐'),
+   ('fr-BE', 'Français', 'Belgique',     'French',  '🇧🇪'),
+   ('fr-CA', 'Français', 'Canada',       'French',  '🇨🇦'),
+
+:meta hide-value:
+'''

searx/templates/simple/filters/languages.html

@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 <select class="language" id="language" name="language" aria-label="{{ _('Search language') }}">{{- '' -}}
-	<option value="all" {% if current_language == 'all' %}selected="selected"{% endif %}>{{ _('Default language') }}</option>
+	<option value="all" {% if current_language == 'all' %}selected="selected"{% endif %}>{{ _('Default language') }} [all]</option>
 	<option value="auto" {% if current_language == 'auto' %}selected="selected"{% endif %}>
 		{{- _('Auto-detect') -}}
 		{%- if current_language == 'auto' %} ({{ search_language }}){%- endif -%}
 	</option>
-	{%- for lang_id,lang_name,country_name,english_name,flag in language_codes | sort(attribute=1) -%}
+	{%- for sxng_tag,lang_name,country_name,english_name,flag in sxng_locales | sort(attribute=1) -%}
-	<option value="{{ lang_id }}" {% if lang_id == current_language %}selected="selected"{% endif %}>
+	<option value="{{ sxng_tag }}" {% if sxng_tag == current_language %}selected="selected"{% endif %}>
-		{% if flag %}{{ flag }} {% endif%} {{- lang_name }} {% if country_name %}({{ country_name }}) {% endif %}
+		{% if flag %}{{ flag }} {% endif%} {{- lang_name }} {% if country_name %} - {{ country_name }} {% endif %} [{{sxng_tag}}]
 	</option>
 	{%- endfor -%}
 </select>

searx/templates/simple/preferences.html

@@ -115,10 +115,10 @@
       <legend id="pref_language">{{ _('Search language') }}</legend>
       <p class="value">{{- '' -}}
         <select name='language' aria-labelledby="pref_language" aria-describedby="desc_language">{{- '' -}}
-          <option value="all" {% if current_language == 'all' %}selected="selected"{% endif %}>{{ _('Default language') }}</option>
+          <option value="all" {% if current_language == 'all' %}selected="selected"{% endif %}>{{ _('Default language') }} [all]</option>
-          <option value="auto" {% if current_language == 'auto' %}selected="selected"{% endif %}>{{ _('Auto-detect') }}</option>
+          <option value="auto" {% if current_language == 'auto' %}selected="selected"{% endif %}>{{ _('Auto-detect') }} [auto]</option>
-          {%- for lang_id,lang_name,country_name,english_name,flag in language_codes | sort(attribute=1) -%}
+          {%- for sxng_tag,lang_name,country_name,english_name,flag in sxng_locales | sort(attribute=1) -%}
-          <option value="{{ lang_id }}" {% if lang_id == current_language %}selected="selected"{% endif %}>{% if flag %}{{ flag }} {% endif%} {{- lang_name }} {% if country_name %}({{ country_name }}) {% endif %}</option>
+          <option value="{{ sxng_tag }}" {% if sxng_tag == current_language %}selected="selected"{% endif %}>{% if flag %}{{ flag }} {% endif%} {{- lang_name }} {% if country_name %} - {{ country_name }} {% endif %} [{{sxng_tag}}]</option>
           {%- endfor -%}
         </select>{{- '' -}}
       </p>

searx/utils.py

@@ -18,13 +18,11 @@ from urllib.parse import urljoin, urlparse
 
 from lxml import html
 from lxml.etree import ElementBase, XPath, XPathError, XPathSyntaxError, _ElementStringResult, _ElementUnicodeResult
-from babel.core import get_global
-
 
 from searx import settings
 from searx.data import USER_AGENTS, data_dir
 from searx.version import VERSION_TAG
-from searx.languages import language_codes
+from searx.sxng_locales import sxng_locales
 from searx.exceptions import SearxXPathSyntaxException, SearxEngineXPathException
 from searx import logger
 
@@ -53,8 +51,8 @@ _LANG_TO_LC_CACHE: Dict[str, Dict[str, str]] = {}
 _FASTTEXT_MODEL: Optional["fasttext.FastText._FastText"] = None
 """fasttext model to predict laguage of a search term"""
 
-SEARCH_LANGUAGE_CODES = frozenset([searxng_locale[0].split('-')[0] for searxng_locale in language_codes])
+SEARCH_LANGUAGE_CODES = frozenset([searxng_locale[0].split('-')[0] for searxng_locale in sxng_locales])
-"""Languages supported by most searxng engines (:py:obj:`searx.languages.language_codes`)."""
+"""Languages supported by most searxng engines (:py:obj:`searx.sxng_locales.sxng_locales`)."""
 
 
 class _NotSetClass:  # pylint: disable=too-few-public-methods
@@ -355,102 +353,16 @@ def is_valid_lang(lang) -> Optional[Tuple[bool, str, str]]:
     is_abbr = len(lang) == 2
     lang = lang.lower()
     if is_abbr:
-        for l in language_codes:
+        for l in sxng_locales:
             if l[0][:2] == lang:
                 return (True, l[0][:2], l[3].lower())
         return None
-    for l in language_codes:
+    for l in sxng_locales:
         if l[1].lower() == lang or l[3].lower() == lang:
             return (True, l[0][:2], l[3].lower())
     return None
 
 
-def _get_lang_to_lc_dict(lang_list: List[str]) -> Dict[str, str]:
-    key = str(lang_list)
-    value = _LANG_TO_LC_CACHE.get(key, None)
-    if value is None:
-        value = {}
-        for lang in lang_list:
-            value.setdefault(lang.split('-')[0], lang)
-        _LANG_TO_LC_CACHE[key] = value
-    return value
-
-
-# babel's get_global contains all sorts of miscellaneous locale and territory related data
-# see get_global in: https://github.com/python-babel/babel/blob/master/babel/core.py
-def _get_from_babel(lang_code: str, key):
-    match = get_global(key).get(lang_code.replace('-', '_'))
-    # for some keys, such as territory_aliases, match may be a list
-    if isinstance(match, str):
-        return match.replace('_', '-')
-    return match
-
-
-def _match_language(lang_code: str, lang_list=[], custom_aliases={}) -> Optional[str]:  # pylint: disable=W0102
-    """auxiliary function to match lang_code in lang_list"""
-    # replace language code with a custom alias if necessary
-    if lang_code in custom_aliases:
-        lang_code = custom_aliases[lang_code]
-
-    if lang_code in lang_list:
-        return lang_code
-
-    # try to get the most likely country for this language
-    subtags = _get_from_babel(lang_code, 'likely_subtags')
-    if subtags:
-        if subtags in lang_list:
-            return subtags
-        subtag_parts = subtags.split('-')
-        new_code = subtag_parts[0] + '-' + subtag_parts[-1]
-        if new_code in custom_aliases:
-            new_code = custom_aliases[new_code]
-        if new_code in lang_list:
-            return new_code
-
-    # try to get the any supported country for this language
-    return _get_lang_to_lc_dict(lang_list).get(lang_code)
-
-
-def match_language(  # pylint: disable=W0102
-    locale_code, lang_list=[], custom_aliases={}, fallback: Optional[str] = 'en-US'
-) -> Optional[str]:
-    """get the language code from lang_list that best matches locale_code"""
-    # try to get language from given locale_code
-    language = _match_language(locale_code, lang_list, custom_aliases)
-    if language:
-        return language
-
-    locale_parts = locale_code.split('-')
-    lang_code = locale_parts[0]
-
-    # if locale_code has script, try matching without it
-    if len(locale_parts) > 2:
-        language = _match_language(lang_code + '-' + locale_parts[-1], lang_list, custom_aliases)
-        if language:
-            return language
-
-    # try to get language using an equivalent country code
-    if len(locale_parts) > 1:
-        country_alias = _get_from_babel(locale_parts[-1], 'territory_aliases')
-        if country_alias:
-            language = _match_language(lang_code + '-' + country_alias[0], lang_list, custom_aliases)
-            if language:
-                return language
-
-    # try to get language using an equivalent language code
-    alias = _get_from_babel(lang_code, 'language_aliases')
-    if alias:
-        language = _match_language(alias, lang_list, custom_aliases)
-        if language:
-            return language
-
-    if lang_code != locale_code:
-        # try to get language from given language without giving the country
-        language = _match_language(lang_code, lang_list, custom_aliases)
-
-    return language or fallback
-
-
 def load_module(filename: str, module_dir: str) -> types.ModuleType:
     modname = splitext(filename)[0]
     modpath = join(module_dir, filename)

searx/webapp.py

@@ -89,7 +89,6 @@ from searx.utils import (
     html_to_text,
     gen_useragent,
     dict_subset,
-    match_language,
 )
 from searx.version import VERSION_STRING, GIT_URL, GIT_BRANCH
 from searx.query import RawTextQuery
@@ -117,12 +116,13 @@ from searx.locales import (
     RTL_LOCALES,
     localeselector,
     locales_initialize,
+    match_locale,
 )
 
 # renaming names from searx imports ...
 from searx.autocomplete import search_autocomplete, backends as autocomplete_backends
-from searx.languages import language_codes as languages
 from searx.redisdb import initialize as redis_initialize
+from searx.sxng_locales import sxng_locales
 from searx.search import SearchWithPlugins, initialize as search_initialize
 from searx.network import stream as http_stream, set_context_network_name
 from searx.search.checker import get_result as checker_get_result
@@ -227,7 +227,7 @@ def _get_browser_language(req, lang_list):
         if '-' in lang:
             lang_parts = lang.split('-')
             lang = "{}-{}".format(lang_parts[0], lang_parts[-1].upper())
-        locale = match_language(lang, lang_list, fallback=None)
+        locale = match_locale(lang, lang_list, fallback=None)
         if locale is not None:
             return locale
     return 'en'
@@ -407,7 +407,7 @@ def get_client_settings():
 
 
 def render(template_name: str, **kwargs):
-
+    # pylint: disable=too-many-statements
     kwargs['client_settings'] = str(
         base64.b64encode(
             bytes(
@@ -438,17 +438,20 @@ def render(template_name: str, **kwargs):
     kwargs['OTHER_CATEGORY'] = OTHER_CATEGORY
 
     # i18n
-    kwargs['language_codes'] = [l for l in languages if l[0] in settings['search']['languages']]
+    kwargs['sxng_locales'] = [l for l in sxng_locales if l[0] in settings['search']['languages']]
 
     locale = request.preferences.get_value('locale')
     kwargs['locale_rfc5646'] = _get_locale_rfc5646(locale)
 
     if locale in RTL_LOCALES and 'rtl' not in kwargs:
         kwargs['rtl'] = True
+
     if 'current_language' not in kwargs:
-        kwargs['current_language'] = match_language(
+        _locale = request.preferences.get_value('language')
-            request.preferences.get_value('language'), settings['search']['languages']
+        if _locale in ('auto', 'all'):
-        )
+            kwargs['current_language'] = _locale
+        else:
+            kwargs['current_language'] = match_locale(_locale, settings['search']['languages'])
 
     # values from settings
     kwargs['search_formats'] = [x for x in settings['search']['formats'] if x != 'html']
@@ -810,6 +813,13 @@ def search():
         )
     )
 
+    if search_query.lang in ('auto', 'all'):
+        current_language = search_query.lang
+    else:
+        current_language = match_locale(
+            search_query.lang, settings['search']['languages'], fallback=request.preferences.get_value("language")
+        )
+
     # search_query.lang contains the user choice (all, auto, en, ...)
     # when the user choice is "auto", search.search_query.lang contains the detected language
     # otherwise it is equals to search_query.lang
@@ -832,12 +842,8 @@ def search():
             result_container.unresponsive_engines
         ),
         current_locale = request.preferences.get_value("locale"),
-        current_language = match_language(
+        current_language = current_language,
-            search_query.lang,
+        search_language = match_locale(
-            settings['search']['languages'],
-            fallback=request.preferences.get_value("language")
-        ),
-        search_language = match_language(
             search.search_query.lang,
             settings['search']['languages'],
             fallback=request.preferences.get_value("language")
@@ -907,16 +913,11 @@ def autocompleter():
     # and there is a query part
     if len(raw_text_query.autocomplete_list) == 0 and len(sug_prefix) > 0:
 
-        # get language from cookie
+        # get SearXNG's locale and autocomplete backend from cookie
-        language = request.preferences.get_value('language')
+        sxng_locale = request.preferences.get_value('language')
-        if not language or language == 'all':
+        backend_name = request.preferences.get_value('autocomplete')
-            language = 'en'
-        else:
-            language = language.split('-')[0]
 
-        # run autocompletion
+        for result in search_autocomplete(backend_name, sug_prefix, sxng_locale):
-        raw_results = search_autocomplete(request.preferences.get_value('autocomplete'), sug_prefix, language)
-        for result in raw_results:
             # attention: this loop will change raw_text_query object and this is
             # the reason why the sug_prefix was stored before (see above)
             if result != sug_prefix:
@@ -1001,7 +1002,9 @@ def preferences():
             'rate80': rate80,
             'rate95': rate95,
             'warn_timeout': e.timeout > settings['outgoing']['request_timeout'],
-            'supports_selected_language': _is_selected_language_supported(e, request.preferences),
+            'supports_selected_language': e.traits.is_locale_supported(
+                str(request.preferences.get_value('language') or 'all')
+            ),
             'result_count': result_count,
         }
     # end of stats
@@ -1052,7 +1055,9 @@ def preferences():
     # supports
     supports = {}
     for _, e in filtered_engines.items():
-        supports_selected_language = _is_selected_language_supported(e, request.preferences)
+        supports_selected_language = e.traits.is_locale_supported(
+            str(request.preferences.get_value('language') or 'all')
+        )
         safesearch = e.safesearch
         time_range_support = e.time_range_support
         for checker_test_name in checker_results.get(e.name, {}).get('errors', {}):
@@ -1099,16 +1104,6 @@ def preferences():
     )
 
 
-def _is_selected_language_supported(engine, preferences: Preferences):  # pylint: disable=redefined-outer-name
-    language = preferences.get_value('language')
-    if language == 'all':
-        return True
-    x = match_language(
-        language, getattr(engine, 'supported_languages', []), getattr(engine, 'language_aliases', {}), None
-    )
-    return bool(x)
-
-
 @app.route('/image_proxy', methods=['GET'])
 def image_proxy():
     # pylint: disable=too-many-return-statements, too-many-branches
@@ -1327,10 +1322,7 @@ def config():
         if not request.preferences.validate_token(engine):
             continue
 
-        supported_languages = engine.supported_languages
+        _languages = engine.traits.languages.keys()
-        if isinstance(engine.supported_languages, dict):
-            supported_languages = list(engine.supported_languages.keys())
-
         _engines.append(
             {
                 'name': name,
@@ -1339,7 +1331,8 @@ def config():
                 'enabled': not engine.disabled,
                 'paging': engine.paging,
                 'language_support': engine.language_support,
-                'supported_languages': supported_languages,
+                'languages': list(_languages),
+                'regions': list(engine.traits.regions.keys()),
                 'safesearch': engine.safesearch,
                 'time_range_support': engine.time_range_support,
                 'timeout': engine.timeout,

searx/webutils.py

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import os
 import pathlib
 import csv
@@ -8,7 +10,7 @@ import re
 import inspect
 import itertools
 from datetime import datetime, timedelta
-from typing import Iterable, List, Tuple, Dict
+from typing import Iterable, List, Tuple, Dict, TYPE_CHECKING
 
 from io import StringIO
 from codecs import getincrementalencoder
@@ -16,7 +18,10 @@ from codecs import getincrementalencoder
 from flask_babel import gettext, format_date
 
 from searx import logger, settings
-from searx.engines import Engine, OTHER_CATEGORY
+from searx.engines import OTHER_CATEGORY
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from searx.enginelib import Engine
 
 
 VALID_LANGUAGE_CODE = re.compile(r'^[a-z]{2,3}(-[a-zA-Z]{2})?$')

searxng_extra/update/update_engine_descriptions.py

@@ -18,8 +18,8 @@ from os.path import join
 from lxml.html import fromstring
 
 from searx.engines import wikidata, set_loggers
-from searx.utils import extract_text, match_language
+from searx.utils import extract_text
-from searx.locales import LOCALE_NAMES, locales_initialize
+from searx.locales import LOCALE_NAMES, locales_initialize, match_locale
 from searx import searx_dir
 from searx.utils import gen_useragent, detect_language
 import searx.search
@@ -225,9 +225,9 @@ def fetch_website_description(engine_name, website):
             fetched_lang, desc = get_website_description(website, lang, WIKIPEDIA_LANGUAGES[lang])
             if fetched_lang is None or desc is None:
                 continue
-            matched_lang = match_language(fetched_lang, LANGUAGES, fallback=None)
+            matched_lang = match_locale(fetched_lang, LANGUAGES, fallback=None)
             if matched_lang is None:
-                fetched_wikipedia_lang = match_language(fetched_lang, WIKIPEDIA_LANGUAGES.values(), fallback=None)
+                fetched_wikipedia_lang = match_locale(fetched_lang, WIKIPEDIA_LANGUAGES.values(), fallback=None)
                 matched_lang = wikipedia_languages_r.get(fetched_wikipedia_lang)
             if matched_lang is not None:
                 update_description(engine_name, matched_lang, desc, website, replace=False)

searxng_extra/update/update_engine_traits.py

@@ -0,0 +1,198 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+# lint: pylint
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-or-later
+"""Update :py:obj:`searx.enginelib.traits.EngineTraitsMap` and :origin:`searx/languages.py`
+
+:py:obj:`searx.enginelib.traits.EngineTraitsMap.ENGINE_TRAITS_FILE`:
+  Persistence of engines traits, fetched from the engines.
+
+:origin:`searx/languages.py`
+  Is generated  from intersecting each engine's supported traits.
+
+The script :origin:`searxng_extra/update/update_engine_traits.py` is called in
+the :origin:`CI Update data ... <.github/workflows/data-update.yml>`
+
+"""
+
+# pylint: disable=invalid-name
+from unicodedata import lookup
+from pathlib import Path
+from pprint import pformat
+import babel
+
+from searx import settings, searx_dir
+from searx import network
+from searx.engines import load_engines
+from searx.enginelib.traits import EngineTraitsMap
+
+# Output files.
+languages_file = Path(searx_dir) / 'sxng_locales.py'
+languages_file_header = """\
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+'''List of SearXNG's locale codes.
+
+This file is generated automatically by::
+
+   ./manage pyenv.cmd searxng_extra/update/update_engine_traits.py
+'''
+
+sxng_locales = (
+"""
+languages_file_footer = """,
+)
+'''
+A list of five-digit tuples:
+
+0. SearXNG's internal locale tag (a language or region tag)
+1. Name of the language (:py:obj:`babel.core.Locale.get_language_name`)
+2. For region tags the name of the region (:py:obj:`babel.core.Locale.get_territory_name`).
+   Empty string for language tags.
+3. English language name (from :py:obj:`babel.core.Locale.english_name`)
+4. Unicode flag (emoji) that fits to SearXNG's internal region tag. Languages
+   are represented by a globe (\U0001F310)
+
+.. code:: python
+
+   ('en',    'English', '',              'English', '\U0001f310'),
+   ('en-CA', 'English', 'Canada',        'English', '\U0001f1e8\U0001f1e6'),
+   ('en-US', 'English', 'United States', 'English', '\U0001f1fa\U0001f1f8'),
+   ..
+   ('fr',    'Français', '',             'French',  '\U0001f310'),
+   ('fr-BE', 'Français', 'Belgique',     'French',  '\U0001f1e7\U0001f1ea'),
+   ('fr-CA', 'Français', 'Canada',       'French',  '\U0001f1e8\U0001f1e6'),
+
+:meta hide-value:
+'''
+"""
+
+
+lang2emoji = {
+    'ha': '\U0001F1F3\U0001F1EA',  # Hausa / Niger
+    'bs': '\U0001F1E7\U0001F1E6',  # Bosnian / Bosnia & Herzegovina
+    'jp': '\U0001F1EF\U0001F1F5',  # Japanese
+    'ua': '\U0001F1FA\U0001F1E6',  # Ukrainian
+    'he': '\U0001F1EE\U0001F1F7',  # Hebrew
+}
+
+
+def main():
+    load_engines(settings['engines'])
+    # traits_map = EngineTraitsMap.from_data()
+    traits_map = fetch_traits_map()
+    sxng_tag_list = filter_locales(traits_map)
+    write_languages_file(sxng_tag_list)
+
+
+def fetch_traits_map():
+    """Fetchs supported languages for each engine and writes json file with those."""
+    network.set_timeout_for_thread(10.0)
+
+    def log(msg):
+        print(msg)
+
+    traits_map = EngineTraitsMap.fetch_traits(log=log)
+    print("fetched properties from %s engines" % len(traits_map))
+    print("write json file: %s" % traits_map.ENGINE_TRAITS_FILE)
+    traits_map.save_data()
+    return traits_map
+
+
+def filter_locales(traits_map: EngineTraitsMap):
+    """Filter language & region tags by a threshold."""
+
+    min_eng_per_region = 11
+    min_eng_per_lang = 13
+
+    _ = {}
+    for eng in traits_map.values():
+        for reg in eng.regions.keys():
+            _[reg] = _.get(reg, 0) + 1
+
+    regions = set(k for k, v in _.items() if v >= min_eng_per_region)
+    lang_from_region = set(k.split('-')[0] for k in regions)
+
+    _ = {}
+    for eng in traits_map.values():
+        for lang in eng.languages.keys():
+            # ignore script types like zh_Hant, zh_Hans or sr_Latin, pa_Arab (they
+            # already counted by existence of 'zh' or 'sr', 'pa')
+            if '_' in lang:
+                # print("ignore %s" % lang)
+                continue
+            _[lang] = _.get(lang, 0) + 1
+
+    languages = set(k for k, v in _.items() if v >= min_eng_per_lang)
+
+    sxng_tag_list = set()
+    sxng_tag_list.update(regions)
+    sxng_tag_list.update(lang_from_region)
+    sxng_tag_list.update(languages)
+
+    return sxng_tag_list
+
+
+def write_languages_file(sxng_tag_list):
+
+    language_codes = []
+
+    for sxng_tag in sorted(sxng_tag_list):
+        sxng_locale: babel.Locale = babel.Locale.parse(sxng_tag, sep='-')
+
+        flag = get_unicode_flag(sxng_locale) or ''
+
+        item = (
+            sxng_tag,
+            sxng_locale.get_language_name().title(),
+            sxng_locale.get_territory_name() or '',
+            sxng_locale.english_name.split(' (')[0],
+            UnicodeEscape(flag),
+        )
+
+        language_codes.append(item)
+
+    language_codes = tuple(language_codes)
+
+    with open(languages_file, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as new_file:
+        file_content = "{header} {language_codes}{footer}".format(
+            header=languages_file_header,
+            language_codes=pformat(language_codes, width=120, indent=4)[1:-1],
+            footer=languages_file_footer,
+        )
+        new_file.write(file_content)
+        new_file.close()
+
+
+class UnicodeEscape(str):
+    """Escape unicode string in :py:obj:`pprint.pformat`"""
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "'" + "".join([chr(c) for c in self.encode('unicode-escape')]) + "'"
+
+
+def get_unicode_flag(locale: babel.Locale):
+    """Determine a unicode flag (emoji) that fits to the ``locale``"""
+
+    emoji = lang2emoji.get(locale.language)
+    if emoji:
+        return emoji
+
+    if not locale.territory:
+        return '\U0001F310'
+
+    emoji = lang2emoji.get(locale.territory.lower())
+    if emoji:
+        return emoji
+
+    try:
+        c1 = lookup('REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER ' + locale.territory[0])
+        c2 = lookup('REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER ' + locale.territory[1])
+        # print("OK   : %s --> %s%s" % (locale, c1, c2))
+    except KeyError as exc:
+        print("ERROR: %s --> %s" % (locale, exc))
+        return None
+
+    return c1 + c2
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()

searxng_extra/update/update_languages.py

@@ -1,313 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env python
-# lint: pylint
-
-# SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-or-later
-"""This script generates languages.py from intersecting each engine's supported
-languages.
-
-Output files: :origin:`searx/data/engines_languages.json` and
-:origin:`searx/languages.py` (:origin:`CI Update data ...
-<.github/workflows/data-update.yml>`).
-
-"""
-
-# pylint: disable=invalid-name
-from unicodedata import lookup
-import json
-from pathlib import Path
-from pprint import pformat
-from babel import Locale, UnknownLocaleError
-from babel.languages import get_global
-from babel.core import parse_locale
-
-from searx import settings, searx_dir
-from searx.engines import load_engines, engines
-from searx.network import set_timeout_for_thread
-
-# Output files.
-engines_languages_file = Path(searx_dir) / 'data' / 'engines_languages.json'
-languages_file = Path(searx_dir) / 'languages.py'
-
-
-# Fetches supported languages for each engine and writes json file with those.
-def fetch_supported_languages():
-    set_timeout_for_thread(10.0)
-
-    engines_languages = {}
-    names = list(engines)
-    names.sort()
-
-    for engine_name in names:
-        if hasattr(engines[engine_name], 'fetch_supported_languages'):
-            engines_languages[engine_name] = engines[engine_name].fetch_supported_languages()
-            print("fetched %s languages from engine %s" % (len(engines_languages[engine_name]), engine_name))
-            if type(engines_languages[engine_name]) == list:  # pylint: disable=unidiomatic-typecheck
-                engines_languages[engine_name] = sorted(engines_languages[engine_name])
-
-    print("fetched languages from %s engines" % len(engines_languages))
-
-    # write json file
-    with open(engines_languages_file, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f:
-        json.dump(engines_languages, f, indent=2, sort_keys=True)
-
-    return engines_languages
-
-
-# Get babel Locale object from lang_code if possible.
-def get_locale(lang_code):
-    try:
-        locale = Locale.parse(lang_code, sep='-')
-        return locale
-    except (UnknownLocaleError, ValueError):
-        return None
-
-
-lang2emoji = {
-    'ha': '\U0001F1F3\U0001F1EA',  # Hausa / Niger
-    'bs': '\U0001F1E7\U0001F1E6',  # Bosnian / Bosnia & Herzegovina
-    'jp': '\U0001F1EF\U0001F1F5',  # Japanese
-    'ua': '\U0001F1FA\U0001F1E6',  # Ukrainian
-    'he': '\U0001F1EE\U0001F1F7',  # Hebrew
-}
-
-
-def get_unicode_flag(lang_code):
-    """Determine a unicode flag (emoji) that fits to the ``lang_code``"""
-
-    emoji = lang2emoji.get(lang_code.lower())
-    if emoji:
-        return emoji
-
-    if len(lang_code) == 2:
-        return '\U0001F310'
-
-    language = territory = script = variant = ''
-    try:
-        language, territory, script, variant = parse_locale(lang_code, '-')
-    except ValueError as exc:
-        print(exc)
-
-    # https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166-1_alpha-2
-    if not territory:
-        # https://www.unicode.org/emoji/charts/emoji-list.html#country-flag
-        emoji = lang2emoji.get(language)
-        if not emoji:
-            print(
-                "%s --> language: %s / territory: %s / script: %s / variant: %s"
-                % (lang_code, language, territory, script, variant)
-            )
-        return emoji
-
-    emoji = lang2emoji.get(territory.lower())
-    if emoji:
-        return emoji
-
-    try:
-        c1 = lookup('REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER ' + territory[0])
-        c2 = lookup('REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER ' + territory[1])
-        # print("%s --> territory: %s --> %s%s" %(lang_code, territory, c1, c2 ))
-    except KeyError as exc:
-        print("%s --> territory: %s --> %s" % (lang_code, territory, exc))
-        return None
-
-    return c1 + c2
-
-
-def get_territory_name(lang_code):
-    country_name = None
-    locale = get_locale(lang_code)
-    try:
-        if locale is not None:
-            country_name = locale.get_territory_name()
-    except FileNotFoundError as exc:
-        print("ERROR: %s --> %s" % (locale, exc))
-    return country_name
-
-
-# Join all language lists.
-def join_language_lists(engines_languages):
-    language_list = {}
-    for engine_name in engines_languages:
-        for lang_code in engines_languages[engine_name]:
-
-            # apply custom fixes if necessary
-            if lang_code in getattr(engines[engine_name], 'language_aliases', {}).values():
-                lang_code = next(
-                    lc for lc, alias in engines[engine_name].language_aliases.items() if lang_code == alias
-                )
-
-            locale = get_locale(lang_code)
-
-            # ensure that lang_code uses standard language and country codes
-            if locale and locale.territory:
-                lang_code = "{lang}-{country}".format(lang=locale.language, country=locale.territory)
-            short_code = lang_code.split('-')[0]
-
-            # add language without country if not in list
-            if short_code not in language_list:
-                if locale:
-                    # get language's data from babel's Locale object
-                    language_name = locale.get_language_name().title()
-                    english_name = locale.english_name.split(' (')[0]
-                elif short_code in engines_languages['wikipedia']:
-                    # get language's data from wikipedia if not known by babel
-                    language_name = engines_languages['wikipedia'][short_code]['name']
-                    english_name = engines_languages['wikipedia'][short_code]['english_name']
-                else:
-                    language_name = None
-                    english_name = None
-
-                # add language to list
-                language_list[short_code] = {
-                    'name': language_name,
-                    'english_name': english_name,
-                    'counter': set(),
-                    'countries': {},
-                }
-
-            # add language with country if not in list
-            if lang_code != short_code and lang_code not in language_list[short_code]['countries']:
-                country_name = ''
-                if locale:
-                    # get country name from babel's Locale object
-                    try:
-                        country_name = locale.get_territory_name()
-                    except FileNotFoundError as exc:
-                        print("ERROR: %s --> %s" % (locale, exc))
-                        locale = None
-
-                language_list[short_code]['countries'][lang_code] = {
-                    'country_name': country_name,
-                    'counter': set(),
-                }
-
-            # count engine for both language_country combination and language alone
-            language_list[short_code]['counter'].add(engine_name)
-            if lang_code != short_code:
-                language_list[short_code]['countries'][lang_code]['counter'].add(engine_name)
-
-    return language_list
-
-
-# Filter language list so it only includes the most supported languages and countries
-def filter_language_list(all_languages):
-    min_engines_per_lang = 12
-    min_engines_per_country = 7
-    # pylint: disable=consider-using-dict-items, consider-iterating-dictionary
-    main_engines = [
-        engine_name
-        for engine_name in engines.keys()
-        if 'general' in engines[engine_name].categories
-        and engines[engine_name].supported_languages
-        and not engines[engine_name].disabled
-    ]
-
-    # filter list to include only languages supported by most engines or all default general engines
-    filtered_languages = {
-        code: lang
-        for code, lang in all_languages.items()
-        if (
-            len(lang['counter']) >= min_engines_per_lang
-            or all(main_engine in lang['counter'] for main_engine in main_engines)
-        )
-    }
-
-    def _copy_lang_data(lang, country_name=None):
-        new_dict = {}
-        new_dict['name'] = all_languages[lang]['name']
-        new_dict['english_name'] = all_languages[lang]['english_name']
-        if country_name:
-            new_dict['country_name'] = country_name
-        return new_dict
-
-    # for each language get country codes supported by most engines or at least one country code
-    filtered_languages_with_countries = {}
-    for lang, lang_data in filtered_languages.items():
-        countries = lang_data['countries']
-        filtered_countries = {}
-
-        # get language's country codes with enough supported engines
-        for lang_country, country_data in countries.items():
-            if len(country_data['counter']) >= min_engines_per_country:
-                filtered_countries[lang_country] = _copy_lang_data(lang, country_data['country_name'])
-
-        # add language without countries too if there's more than one country to choose from
-        if len(filtered_countries) > 1:
-            filtered_countries[lang] = _copy_lang_data(lang, None)
-        elif len(filtered_countries) == 1:
-            lang_country = next(iter(filtered_countries))
-
-        # if no country has enough engines try to get most likely country code from babel
-        if not filtered_countries:
-            lang_country = None
-            subtags = get_global('likely_subtags').get(lang)
-            if subtags:
-                country_code = subtags.split('_')[-1]
-                if len(country_code) == 2:
-                    lang_country = "{lang}-{country}".format(lang=lang, country=country_code)
-
-            if lang_country:
-                filtered_countries[lang_country] = _copy_lang_data(lang, None)
-            else:
-                filtered_countries[lang] = _copy_lang_data(lang, None)
-
-        filtered_languages_with_countries.update(filtered_countries)
-
-    return filtered_languages_with_countries
-
-
-class UnicodeEscape(str):
-    """Escape unicode string in :py:obj:`pprint.pformat`"""
-
-    def __repr__(self):
-        return "'" + "".join([chr(c) for c in self.encode('unicode-escape')]) + "'"
-
-
-# Write languages.py.
-def write_languages_file(languages):
-    file_headers = (
-        "# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-",
-        "# list of language codes",
-        "# this file is generated automatically by utils/fetch_languages.py",
-        "language_codes = (\n",
-    )
-
-    language_codes = []
-
-    for code in sorted(languages):
-
-        name = languages[code]['name']
-        if name is None:
-            print("ERROR: languages['%s'] --> %s" % (code, languages[code]))
-            continue
-
-        flag = get_unicode_flag(code) or ''
-        item = (
-            code,
-            languages[code]['name'].split(' (')[0],
-            get_territory_name(code) or '',
-            languages[code].get('english_name') or '',
-            UnicodeEscape(flag),
-        )
-
-        language_codes.append(item)
-
-    language_codes = tuple(language_codes)
-
-    with open(languages_file, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as new_file:
-        file_content = "{file_headers} {language_codes},\n)\n".format(
-            # fmt: off
-            file_headers = '\n'.join(file_headers),
-            language_codes = pformat(language_codes, indent=4)[1:-1]
-            # fmt: on
-        )
-        new_file.write(file_content)
-        new_file.close()
-
-
-if __name__ == "__main__":
-    load_engines(settings['engines'])
-    _engines_languages = fetch_supported_languages()
-    _all_languages = join_language_lists(_engines_languages)
-    _filtered_languages = filter_language_list(_all_languages)
-    write_languages_file(_filtered_languages)

searxng_extra/update/update_osm_keys_tags.py

@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ from pathlib import Path
 from searx import searx_dir
 from searx.network import set_timeout_for_thread
 from searx.engines import wikidata, set_loggers
-from searx.languages import language_codes
+from searx.sxng_locales import sxng_locales
 from searx.engines.openstreetmap import get_key_rank, VALUE_TO_LINK
 
 set_loggers(wikidata, 'wikidata')
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ GROUP BY ?key ?item ?itemLabel
 ORDER BY ?key ?item ?itemLabel
 """
 
-LANGUAGES = [l[0].lower() for l in language_codes]
+LANGUAGES = [l[0].lower() for l in sxng_locales]
 
 PRESET_KEYS = {
     ('wikidata',): {'en': 'Wikidata'},

tests/unit/test_locales.py

@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-or-later
+# lint: pylint
+"""Test some code from module :py:obj:`searx.locales`"""
+
+from searx import locales
+from searx.sxng_locales import sxng_locales
+from tests import SearxTestCase
+
+
+class TestLocales(SearxTestCase):
+    """Implemented tests:
+
+    - :py:obj:`searx.locales.match_locale`
+    """
+
+    def test_match_locale(self):
+
+        locale_tag_list = [x[0] for x in sxng_locales]
+
+        # Test SearXNG search languages
+
+        self.assertEqual(locales.match_locale('de', locale_tag_list), 'de')
+        self.assertEqual(locales.match_locale('fr', locale_tag_list), 'fr')
+        self.assertEqual(locales.match_locale('zh', locale_tag_list), 'zh')
+
+        # Test SearXNG search regions
+
+        self.assertEqual(locales.match_locale('ca-es', locale_tag_list), 'ca-ES')
+        self.assertEqual(locales.match_locale('de-at', locale_tag_list), 'de-AT')
+        self.assertEqual(locales.match_locale('de-de', locale_tag_list), 'de-DE')
+        self.assertEqual(locales.match_locale('en-UK', locale_tag_list), 'en-GB')
+        self.assertEqual(locales.match_locale('fr-be', locale_tag_list), 'fr-BE')
+        self.assertEqual(locales.match_locale('fr-be', locale_tag_list), 'fr-BE')
+        self.assertEqual(locales.match_locale('fr-ca', locale_tag_list), 'fr-CA')
+        self.assertEqual(locales.match_locale('fr-ch', locale_tag_list), 'fr-CH')
+        self.assertEqual(locales.match_locale('zh-cn', locale_tag_list), 'zh-CN')
+        self.assertEqual(locales.match_locale('zh-tw', locale_tag_list), 'zh-TW')
+        self.assertEqual(locales.match_locale('zh-hk', locale_tag_list), 'zh-HK')
+
+        # Test language script code
+
+        self.assertEqual(locales.match_locale('zh-hans', locale_tag_list), 'zh-CN')
+        self.assertEqual(locales.match_locale('zh-hans-cn', locale_tag_list), 'zh-CN')
+        self.assertEqual(locales.match_locale('zh-hant', locale_tag_list), 'zh-TW')
+        self.assertEqual(locales.match_locale('zh-hant-tw', locale_tag_list), 'zh-TW')
+
+        # Test individual locale lists
+
+        self.assertEqual(locales.match_locale('es', [], fallback='fallback'), 'fallback')
+
+        self.assertEqual(locales.match_locale('de', ['de-CH', 'de-DE']), 'de-DE')
+        self.assertEqual(locales.match_locale('de', ['de-CH', 'de-DE']), 'de-DE')
+        self.assertEqual(locales.match_locale('es', ['ES']), 'ES')
+        self.assertEqual(locales.match_locale('es', ['es-AR', 'es-ES', 'es-MX']), 'es-ES')
+        self.assertEqual(locales.match_locale('es-AR', ['es-AR', 'es-ES', 'es-MX']), 'es-AR')
+        self.assertEqual(locales.match_locale('es-CO', ['es-AR', 'es-ES']), 'es-ES')
+        self.assertEqual(locales.match_locale('es-CO', ['es-AR']), 'es-AR')
+
+        # Tests from the commit message of 9ae409a05a
+
+        # Assumption:
+        #   A. When a user selects a language the results should be optimized according to
+        #      the selected language.
+        #
+        #   B. When user selects a language and a territory the results should be
+        #      optimized with first priority on territory and second on language.
+
+        # Assume we have an engine that supports the follwoing locales:
+        locale_tag_list = ['zh-CN', 'zh-HK', 'nl-BE', 'fr-CA']
+
+        # Examples (Assumption A.)
+        # ------------------------
+
+        # A user selects region 'zh-TW' which should end in zh_HK.
+        # hint: CN is 'Hans' and HK ('Hant') fits better to TW ('Hant')
+        self.assertEqual(locales.match_locale('zh-TW', locale_tag_list), 'zh-HK')
+
+        # A user selects only the language 'zh' which should end in CN
+        self.assertEqual(locales.match_locale('zh', locale_tag_list), 'zh-CN')
+
+        # A user selects only the language 'fr' which should end in fr_CA
+        self.assertEqual(locales.match_locale('fr', locale_tag_list), 'fr-CA')
+
+        # The difference in priority on the territory is best shown with a
+        # engine that supports the following locales:
+        locale_tag_list = ['fr-FR', 'fr-CA', 'en-GB', 'nl-BE']
+
+        # A user selects only a language
+        self.assertEqual(locales.match_locale('en', locale_tag_list), 'en-GB')
+
+        # hint: the engine supports fr_FR and fr_CA since no territory is given,
+        # fr_FR takes priority ..
+        self.assertEqual(locales.match_locale('fr', locale_tag_list), 'fr-FR')
+
+        # Examples (Assumption B.)
+        # ------------------------
+
+        #  A user selects region 'fr-BE' which should end in nl-BE
+        self.assertEqual(locales.match_locale('fr-BE', locale_tag_list), 'nl-BE')
+
+        # If the user selects a language and there are two locales like the
+        # following:
+
+        locale_tag_list = ['fr-BE', 'fr-CH']
+
+        # The get_engine_locale selects the locale by looking at the "population
+        # percent" and this percentage has an higher amount in BE (68.%)
+        # compared to CH (21%)
+
+        self.assertEqual(locales.match_locale('fr', locale_tag_list), 'fr-BE')

tests/unit/test_utils.py

@@ -87,39 +87,6 @@ class TestUtils(SearxTestCase):
         html = '<p><b>Lorem ipsum</i>dolor sit amet</p>'
         self.assertEqual(utils.html_to_text(html), "Lorem ipsum")
 
-    def test_match_language(self):
-        self.assertEqual(utils.match_language('es', ['es']), 'es')
-        self.assertEqual(utils.match_language('es', [], fallback='fallback'), 'fallback')
-        self.assertEqual(utils.match_language('ja', ['jp'], {'ja': 'jp'}), 'jp')
-
-        # handle script tags
-        self.assertEqual(utils.match_language('zh-CN', ['zh-Hans-CN', 'zh-Hant-TW']), 'zh-Hans-CN')
-        self.assertEqual(utils.match_language('zh-TW', ['zh-Hans-CN', 'zh-Hant-TW']), 'zh-Hant-TW')
-        self.assertEqual(utils.match_language('zh-Hans-CN', ['zh-CN', 'zh-TW']), 'zh-CN')
-        self.assertEqual(utils.match_language('zh-Hant-TW', ['zh-CN', 'zh-TW']), 'zh-TW')
-        self.assertEqual(utils.match_language('zh-Hans', ['zh-CN', 'zh-TW', 'zh-HK']), 'zh-CN')
-        self.assertEqual(utils.match_language('zh-Hant', ['zh-CN', 'zh-TW', 'zh-HK']), 'zh-TW')
-
-        aliases = {'en-GB': 'en-UK', 'he': 'iw'}
-
-        # guess country
-        self.assertEqual(utils.match_language('de-DE', ['de']), 'de')
-        self.assertEqual(utils.match_language('de', ['de-DE']), 'de-DE')
-        self.assertEqual(utils.match_language('es-CO', ['es-AR', 'es-ES', 'es-MX']), 'es-ES')
-        self.assertEqual(utils.match_language('es-CO', ['es-MX']), 'es-MX')
-        self.assertEqual(utils.match_language('en-UK', ['en-AU', 'en-GB', 'en-US']), 'en-GB')
-        self.assertEqual(utils.match_language('en-GB', ['en-AU', 'en-UK', 'en-US'], aliases), 'en-UK')
-
-        # language aliases
-        self.assertEqual(utils.match_language('iw', ['he']), 'he')
-        self.assertEqual(utils.match_language('he', ['iw'], aliases), 'iw')
-        self.assertEqual(utils.match_language('iw-IL', ['he']), 'he')
-        self.assertEqual(utils.match_language('he-IL', ['iw'], aliases), 'iw')
-        self.assertEqual(utils.match_language('iw', ['he-IL']), 'he-IL')
-        self.assertEqual(utils.match_language('he', ['iw-IL'], aliases), 'iw-IL')
-        self.assertEqual(utils.match_language('iw-IL', ['he-IL']), 'he-IL')
-        self.assertEqual(utils.match_language('he-IL', ['iw-IL'], aliases), 'iw-IL')
-
     def test_ecma_unscape(self):
         self.assertEqual(utils.ecma_unescape('text%20with%20space'), 'text with space')
         self.assertEqual(utils.ecma_unescape('text using %xx: %F3'), 'text using %xx: ó')

utils/templates/etc/searxng/settings.yml

@@ -52,9 +52,6 @@ enabled_plugins:
 
 engines:
 
-  - name: google
-    use_mobile_ui: true
-
 #   - name: fdroid
 #     disabled: false
 #